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CABS endocrine > Pathology of HPA > Flashcards

Pathology of HPA Flashcards

1
Q

where is the hypothalamus

A

part of the diencephalon at base of brain
*major part of limbic system

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2
Q

What is stored and released from the hypothalamus

A

hormonse to act on the pituitary

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3
Q

Where is the pituitary

A

within the sella turcica

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4
Q

What is the anterior part of the pituitary attached to the hypothalamus by

A

Via portal blood vessels

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5
Q

What type of tissue makes up the anterior pituitary

A

glandular tissue

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6
Q

What is the posterior pituitary made up of

A

neuroendocrine tissue

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7
Q

What are the secretary cells in the pituitary

A

chromophils

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8
Q

What controls the secretion of hormones from the pituitary

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

How does the posterior pituitary receive blood

A

a branch of the internal carotid

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10
Q

What are herring bodies

A

Within the posterior pituitary at the end of the axons where the hormones are stored

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11
Q

What does ADH do

A

increase water reabsorption within the kidney

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12
Q

What will inhibit ADH secretion

A

alcohol

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13
Q

What is TRH

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormones which stimulates TSH and inhibits prolactin

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14
Q

What is GnRH

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates FSH and LH

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15
Q

What does somatostatin do

A

Inhibits TSH and growth hormone

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16
Q

What does substance P do

A

Inhibits ACTH
stimulates GH, FSH, LH, Prolactin
involved with pain

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17
Q

What is LH

A

Glycoprotein responsible for stimulating ovulation and progesterone production

and stimulate testicular growth and testosterone production

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18
Q

What is FSH

A

Stimulates estrogen production and follicular maturation and spermatogenesis

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19
Q

What does CRH do

A

Stimulate the release of ACTH

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20
Q

What are the target cells for GH

A

Muscle
bone
liver

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21
Q

What will stimulate prolactin release

A

Estrogen

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22
Q

What stimulates oxytocin

A

stretch and suckling

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23
Q

What stimulates ADH

A

Osmolarity, low BP

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24
Q

Where is the pineal gland

A

in the central aspect of the brain

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25
Q

What is the pineal gland made up of

A

Photoreceptor cells that secrete melatonin

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26
Q

What is the pineal gland responsible for regulating

A

circadian rhythms

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27
Q

what connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus

A

Hypophyseal stalk or infundibulum

28
Q

What is the associate genetic link for pituitary adenoma

A

MEN1

29
Q

What makes a pituitary adenoma aggressive

A

Mass effect

30
Q

What are pituitary adenomas characterized by

A

Microadenomas
macroadenomas

31
Q

What are micro adenomas

A

Typically asymptomatic and generally hormonally silent

32
Q

What is a macro adenoma

A

alter hormone regulation or cause mass effect

33
Q

What are the common associated symptoms from pituitary ademoas

A

Hyperglycemia
HTN
Cardiomegaly
LVH
Increased prolactin

34
Q

What effect can a pituitary adenoma have on vision

A

bitemporal hemianopsia

35
Q

What is MEN syndrome

A

Autosomal dominant that predispose patients to endocrine tumors

36
Q

What is a prolactinoma

A

Most common type of pituitary adenoma

inhibited by dopamine normally

37
Q

What are some causes of increased prolactin

A

prolactinomas
decreased secretion (renal failure)
primary hypothyroidism
medications (lithium)
Estrogen supps

38
Q

What are some of the effects of prolactinoma hyper secretion in women

A

Galactorrhea
changes in menstrual cycle
low estrogen
hirsutism
fractures

39
Q

What are some effects of prolactinoma hyper secretion in men

A

Gynecomastia
hypogonadiam
erectile dysfunction
low testosterone

40
Q

What disease causes excessive growth hormone and IGF-1 in childhood

A

gigantism

41
Q

What is acromegaly

A

Excessive growth hormone during adulthood after growth plates have closed

42
Q

What does IGF manage

A

How GH affects the tissue

*stimulates cellular hyperplasia and hypertrophy

43
Q

What is acromegaly associated with

A

Growth hormone secreting adenoma

44
Q

What is gigantism associated with

A

excess GHRH

45
Q

What does acromegaly cause

A

frontal bossing
enlarged tongue
Prognathism
spade like hands
enlarged feet

46
Q

What genetic factors are associated with Gigantism

A

MEN1
X-linked duplication error

47
Q

What is the main cation in blood

A

Sodium

48
Q

What is sodium responsible for in the blood

A

defines tonicity of intracellular and extracellular space to maintain homeostasis

49
Q

What happens as sodium levels increase

A

Osmolality increases
ADH increases secretion
Water retention occurs

50
Q

What is SIADH

A

Too much ADH
Retained fluid
hyponatremia/hypoosmolarity
AMS

51
Q

what is diabetes insipidus

A

Not enough ADH or not working properly
-dilute urine
-hypernatremia/hyperosmolarity
-polyuria/polydipsia

52
Q

What is central diabetes insipidus

A

not enough ADH production/ secretion from the pituitary

53
Q

What occurs in the brain with rapid hyperosmolarity

A

Osmotic demyelination

54
Q

What occurs in the brain with rapid hyponatremia

A

Brain herniation

55
Q

What is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Inability for the kidneys to respond appropriately to ADH

56
Q

What can occur in the brain with central diabetes insipidus

A

Hypernatremia

57
Q

How may a patient present with central diabetes insipidus

A

Polyuria (hydronephrosis etc)
Polydipsia
nocturia
decrease urine sodium

58
Q

What does SIADH cause an increase in

A

ADH will increase the aquaporin proteins within the nephron

59
Q

How do patients typically present with SIADH

A

Thirst
anorexia
fatigue
seizure
neurologic damage

60
Q

What is panhypopituitarism

A

no hormones come from the pituitary

61
Q

What is the general cause of hypopituitarism

A

space occupying lesion such as pituitary adenoma

62
Q

What is Sheehan syndrome

A

ischemia of pituitary d/t postpartum hemorrhage

63
Q

What is pituitary apoplexy

A

Hemorrhage into pituitary

64
Q

What does ACTH deficiency cause

A

decreased cortisol

65
Q

What does TSH deficiency cause

A

hypothyroidism

66
Q

What does FSH / LH deficiency cause

A

Amenorrhea, vaginal/breast atrophy, testicular atrophy, decreased libido

67
Q

What does GH deficiency cause

A

Hypopituitary dwarfism

CABS endocrine (5 decks)

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