Pathology of larynx

Question 1

what group of microorganisms that causes acute laryngitis

Answer 1

Viral and bacterial

Question 2

what causes chronic laryngitis?

Answer 2

Cigaratte smoking, repeated attacs of infection and atmosphere pollution may lead to chronic inflammation of the larynx

Question 3

what are two main changes that are seen in chronic laryngitis?

Answer 3

Two main features are changes in the lining epitheliym and Increase in mucus secretion

Question 4

what is the common cause of acute epiglottis, especially in non immunized children?

Answer 4

Inflammation of the epiglottis due to H influenza type b

Question 5

The acute epiglottis presents with what?

Answer 5

Presents with high fever, sore throat, drooling with dysphagia, muffled voice and inspiratory stridor

Question 6

Th risk of acute epiglottis?

Answer 6

Risk of airway obstruction

Question 7

One word

The inflammation of the upper airway, parainfluenza virus is the most common cause.

Answer 7

Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)

Question 8

The laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) presents with what?

Answer 8

Presents with a hoarse, barking cough and inspiratory stridor

Question 9

List the types of larynx cysts

Answer 9

Mucus retention cysts
Epidermoid cysts
Branchial cleft cysts

Question 10

The vocal cord nodules (singer’s nodule) + vocal cord polyps presents with what?

Answer 10

Presents with hoarseness

Question 11

The vocal cord nodule (singer’s nodule) + vocal cord polys happens due to what?

Answer 11

Due to excessive use of vocal cords

Question 12

They arises on which part of the vocal cords

Answer 12

True vocal cords

Question 13

explain the vocal cord nodule ?

Answer 13

Usually bilateral, common in females

Question 14

explain the vocal cord polyps

Answer 14

Unilateral common in men

Question 15

The microscopic features of vocal cord nodule (singer’s nodule) + vocal cord polyps
explain

Answer 15

Composed of degenerative (myxoid) connective tissue

Question 16

The vocal cord nodule (singer’s nodule) + vocal cord polyps resolves when?

Answer 16

Resting of voice

Question 17

The keratinisation and epithelila hyperplasia without atypia is called?

Answer 17

Keratosis

Question 18

Epithelila hyperplasia with atypia is called what?

Answer 18

Laryngeal intra-epithelila neoplasia (LIN) I and II

Question 19

Carcinoma in situ in pregmalinant lesion of larynx is called whaat?

Answer 19

LIN III

Question 20

Benign squamous epithelium tumour of vocal cords is known as?

Answer 20

Squamous papilloma and papillomatosis

Question 21

The squamous papilloma and papillomatosis is caused by what?

Answer 21

Due to HPV 6 and 11

Question 22

The squamous papilloma and papillomatosis usually presents as what?

Answer 22

Presents as hoarseness

Question 23

how is the squamous papilloma and papillomatosis in adults?

Answer 23

Usually solitary in adults

Question 24

How is th squamous papilloma and papillomatosis presents in children

Answer 24

Multiple in children

Question 25

The squamous papilloma is known as what in children?

Answer 25

Juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis

Question 26

When does the squampus papilloma and papillomatosis stop?

Answer 26

May recur but usually regress spontaneously at puberty

Question 27

95% of laryngeal carcinoma is what?

Answer 27

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 28

Explain the pathogenesis sequence of laryngeal carcinoma

Answer 28

Usually follows hyperplasia – dysplasia – carcinoma in-situ – invasive carcinoma sequence.

Question 29

What causes malignant transformation in larngeal carcinoma

Answer 29

Non-dysplastic hyperplasia has almost no potential for malignant transformation, while the risk of malignant transformation increases with grade of dysplasia

Question 30

Laryngeal carcinoma is most often related to what?

Answer 30

Most often related to tobacco smoke exposure/ asbestos expoure (epithelial changes can regress prior to malignant tranformation with smoking cessation): synergistic effect with alcohol

Question 31

what are risk factors for laryngeal carcinoma

Answer 31

Risk factors include diet, irradiation, HPV infection

Question 32

What are clinical features of laryngeal carcinoma

Answer 32

Incidence: common in>males than females (7:1), 40 years of age presenting with persistant hoarseness, dysphagia, dysphonia

Question 33

the prognosis of laryngeal carcinoma depends on what?

Answer 33

Clinical stage

Question 34

the gross appearance of laryngeal carcinoma

Answer 34

Usually arise on vocal cords but can also develop avove or below the cords. Appear as mucosal plaques that can progress into ulcerated fungating masses

Question 35

The microscopic appearance of laryngeal carcinoma

Answer 35

Typical features of squamous cell carcinoma, often with foci of dysplasia carcinoma in-situ in the adjacent mucsosa. The normal respiratory tract pseudostratified columnar epithelium has been replaced by the metaplastic squamous epithelium.