pathology of renal disorders

Question 1

Nephrotoxic medications

Answer 1

intrarenal

Nephrotoxic medications, as the name implies, damage the kidneys. Because the kidneys are directly damaged, this is a form of intrarenal dysfunction.

Question 2

Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in advanced renal failure

Answer 2

decreased

In renal failure, the kidneys may not produce erythropoietin, a signal for red blood cell formation. This may reduce hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. In addition, if toxins build up in the blood with renal failure, destruction of red blood cells may occur. Finally, loss of red blood cells may occur in the urine, lowering hemoglobin and hematocrit levels.

Question 3

shock

Answer 3

prerenal

Shock can result from a number of causes. With this condition, inadequate perfusion of organs and tissues occurs, including the kidneys. As the problem involves delivery of blood to the kidneys, it is a prerenal condition.

Question 4

azotemia

Answer 4

increased serum BUN

Azotemia as defined as elevated blood urea nitrogen levels. This condition can be caused by decreased glomerular filtration.

Question 5

postrenal failure

Answer 5

benign prostatic hyperplasia

Prostatic hyperplasia may cause postrenal failure. As the prostate enlarges, it may compress the urethra, preventing normal movement of fluid from the kidneys.

Question 6

damaging infection to kidney

Answer 6

streptococcal

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections may damage the glomeruli of the kidneys. Staphylococcal and clostridial infections do not target the kidney.

Question 7

pain presentation with kidney pathologies

Answer 7

costovertebral angle pain

Costovertebral angle (CVA) pain is a hallmark of pathologic conditions of the kidney. Pain is present in the lower back between the location of the kidneys and lower ribs.

Question 8

Type of dialysis in which blood drawn from body enters dialyzer

Answer 8

hemodialysis

In peritoneal dialysis, a patient’s peritoneum is filled with fluid to be exchanged. Hemodialysis requires blood to be drawn from the body, run through a dialyzer, and then returned to the body.

Question 9

Type of kidney injury resulting from glomerulonephritis

Answer 9

intrarenal

Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory condition of the glomeruli of the kidney. Because the kidneys are directly damaged, this is an example of an intrarenal condition. The most common organism that causes glomerulonephritis is Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus.

Question 10

Sign of urinary tract infection in urinalysis

Answer 10

elevated leukocyte esterase

The presence of leukocyte esterase in urinalysis can indicate urinary tract infection. Elevated ketones may indicate the presence of diabetic ketoacidosis. Cr stands for creatinine, a waste product that should be present in urine.

Question 11

Plasma creatine clearance with renal failure

Answer 11

decreased

When the kidneys fail, filtration rate falls. Normally, creatinine is removed (cleared) from the plasma at an expected rate. If filtration of the blood is reduced with renal failure, creatine removal (clearance) from the blood will decrease.

Question 12

Kidney failure may cause reduced synthesis of which vitamin, resulting in reduced absorption of which electrolyte?

Answer 12

D, calcium

Question 13

Which type of infection most commonly causes damage to the kidneys?

Answer 13

streptococcal

Question 14

Which of the following is a cause of prerenal failure?

Answer 14

decreased perfusion of kidneys

Question 15

Which of the following are common signs of kidney dysfunction? Select all that apply.

Answer 15

-costovertebral angle pain
-hematuria
-proteinuria

Question 16

Which term is used for the process where blood is removed from the body, run through a dialyzer, and returned to the body?

Answer 16

hemodialysis