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Spleen > Pathology of Spleen > Flashcards

Pathology of Spleen Flashcards

1
Q

splenomegaly

A

is an enlargement of the spleen that often results from bllod borne infections

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2
Q

what are the main causes of congestive splenomegaly

A

cirrhosis of the liver

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3
Q

what is needed to determine the exact size of the spleen

A

volume measurements

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4
Q

what does volume depend on?

A

on age and weight

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5
Q

evaluating splenic contour and homogenecity determines whether

A

a disease process involves the spleen

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6
Q

evaluating the splenic parenchyma and vascular patterns to confirm what?

A

changes in the size, texture, and vascularity

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7
Q

the spleen may grow to enormous size with

A

with extension into the iliac fossa

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8
Q

the medial segment may cross the

A

midline of the abdomen to mimic a mass inferior to the left lobe of the liver

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9
Q

color Doppler shows

A

dilated splenic vessels that may be seen with portal hypertension

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10
Q

causes of splenomegaly

A
  • heart failure
  • portal hypertension )often associated with liver cirrhosis)
  • Cirrhosis
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • portal or splenic vein thrombosis
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11
Q

treatment for splenomegaly

A
  • watching waiting
  • medications
  • diet and lifestyle changes
  • surgery
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12
Q

watch waiting

A

if there are no symptoms being experience, the doctor may suggest waiting to see if spleen concerns resolve on their own. They recommend reevaluating your condition in a few months, or sooner if you start experiencing symptoms

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13
Q

medications

A

certain drugs, such as antibiotics, may be used to treat any underlying concerns that could be causing your enlarged spleen

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14
Q

diet and lifestyle changes

A

making modifications to your diet and lifestyle may help improve certain conditions that can trigger spleen concerns, such as cirrhosis or rheumatoid arthritis. generally, this involves eating plenty of nutrient-dense foods, limiting your intake of sodium, and getting regular physical activity

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15
Q

surgery

A

in severe cases, spleen removal may be necessary, especially if the enlarged spleen is causing serious complications or other treatment options are limited

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16
Q

removal of the spleen is called

A

splenectomy

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17
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

an inherited blood disorder where red blood cells (RBCS) become sickle/crescent shaped.

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18
Q

sickle cell anemia causes

A

frequent infections, swelling in the hands and legs, pain, severe tiredness, and delayed growth or puberty

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19
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

is a disorder in which RBCs are destroyed faster than they can be made

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20
Q

the destruction of red blood cells is called

A

hemolysis

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21
Q

hemolytic anemia can be

A

inherited or acquired

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22
Q

inherited hemolytic anemia

A

happens when parents pass the gene for the condition on to their children

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23
Q

acquired hemolytic anemia

A

is not something you are born with. you develop the condition later

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24
Q

polycythemia vera

A

is a rare blood disorder in which there is an increase in all blood cells, particularly red blood cells.

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25
Q

the increase in blood cells make the

A

blood thicker

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26
Q

polycythemia Vera can lead to

A

strokes or tissue and organ damage

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27
Q

thalassemia

A

an inherited disorder characterized by abnormal production of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

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28
Q

leukemia is

A

different from most other cancers

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29
Q

where does leukemia start?

A

in the bone marrow

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30
Q

bone marrow is where

A

new blood cells are made

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31
Q

leukemia cells are

A

early forms of blood cells and are usually white blood cells

32
Q

leukopoiesis

A

the formation of white blood cells

33
Q

splenic granulomatous disease

A

refers to sequelae arising from granulomatous infection-inflammation of the spleen

34
Q

focal disease of the spleen may be

A

single or multiple

35
Q

focal disease of the spleen may be found in

A

a normal or in an enlarged spleen

36
Q

major non traumatic causes of focal splenic defects

A
  • tumor (benign or malignant)
  • infarction
    -abscess
    -cyst
37
Q

what is the most common benign tumor of the spleen

A

hemangiomas

38
Q

splenic defects may be

A

discovered incidentally, as in another imagining study, or specifically, as in the case of a splenic infarction or abscess

39
Q

hemangioma of the spleen

A

splenic hemangioma is a rare disorder but remains the most common benign neoplasm of the spleen

40
Q

splenic abscess

A

infection is spread either from distant foci in the abdomen or an inflammatory process that extends directly from adjacent organs

41
Q

clinical findings of splenic abscess

A
  • may be subtle
  • fever
  • LUQ tenderness
  • abdominal pain
42
Q

sonographic findings of splenic abscess

A
  • simple cystic to mixed echo pattern
  • lesion may be hypoechoic, often hyperechoic foci that represents debris or gas
43
Q

splenic infection

A

many infections can affect the spleen

44
Q

most frequent feature of splenic infection is

A

splenomegaly

45
Q

hepatosplenic candidiasis

A

is an infection that can affect the spleen

46
Q

splenic infarction

A

is a condition in which blood flow supply to the spleen is compromised, leading to partial or complete infarction (tissue death due to oxygen shortage) in the organ

47
Q

splenic infarction occurs

A

when the splenic artery or one of its branches are occluded, for example by a blood clot

48
Q

most common cause of focal lesions is

A

occlusion of the major splenic artery or any of its branches

49
Q

sonographic findings of splenic infarction

A
  • may see localized hypoechoic area, depending on the time of onset
  • fresh hemorrhage has a hypoechoic appearance
  • healed infarctions appear as echogenic, peripheral, wedge-shaped lesions with their base toward the subcapsular surface of the spleen
50
Q

splenic hamartoma

A

is a rare, benign proliferation that is often found incidentally while working up other complaints or at autopsy

51
Q

splenic lymphoma represents the most common

A

-malignancy to involve the spleen
- it is a rare kind of cancer of spleen and bone marrow

52
Q

there are two kinds of lymphomas

A
  • non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • Hodgkin lymphoma
53
Q

splenic lymphoma is

A

b-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma

54
Q

splenic lymphoma generally develops in people

A

aged over 60 years and affects males more than females

55
Q

patients with lymphoma presents

A

extremely enlarged spleen

56
Q

sonographic findings

A
  • hypoechoic masses may be seen
  • extremely enlarged spleen
57
Q

clinical findings

A
  • abdominal pain
  • anemia which leads to extreme fatigue and breathlessness
58
Q

isolated splenic metastases

A

is rare

59
Q

splenic metastases is usually associated with

A

extensive metastases

60
Q

splenic metastases usually from

A
  • lung
  • breast
  • melanoma
  • colon
  • ovary
61
Q

splenic metastases sonographically

A

hypoechoic/hyperechoic masses

62
Q

the spleen is most injured as a result of

A

blunt abdominal trauma (high mortality rate)

63
Q

if the patient has severe LUQ pain secondary to trauma

A

a splenic hematoma or subcapsular hematoma should be considered

64
Q

a hematoma is

A

a collection of blood

65
Q

if the capsule is intact, the outcome may be intraparenchymal or subcapsular hematoma: if the

A

capsule ruptures, a focal or free intraperitoneal hematoma may form

66
Q

in delayed ruptures,

A

a subcapsular hematoma may develop with subsequent rupture

67
Q

quick assessment of free fluid that may surround

A

the splenic capsule in a blunt abdominal trauma can be life-saving diagnosis for the patient

68
Q

subcapsular hematoma

A

are a type of splenic hematoma that occurs beneath the splenic capsule

69
Q

sonographer should quickly examine the

A

four abdominal pelvic quadrants

70
Q

in splenic trauma fast scans the sonographer looks for

A

free fluid in the abdomen

71
Q

how long should an entire splenic trauma fast scan take

A

less than 5 minutes

72
Q

in splenic trauma fast scan the 4 areas that need to be scanned is

A
  • area surrounding the kidneys (Morison’s pouch)
  • sub diaphragmatic areas
  • liver and splenic capsule
  • bladder and anterior rectal area
73
Q

clinical findings of splenic trauma

A
  • patients typically has LUQ pain, left shoulder pain, left flank pain or dizziness
  • may have tenderness over the LUQ, hypotension, and decreased hemoglobin, which indicates a bleed
  • a timely response to this emergent situation may save the patient from having to undergo peritoneal lavage or exploratory surgery
74
Q

what is the difference between intramuscular vs. subcutaneous?

A

is that intramuscular is inside the muscle or the muscles while subcutaneous is pertaining to the fatty layer under the skin

75
Q

if the spleen has been lacerated and blood is contained within the splenic capsule, the most prominent sonographic finding is

A

splenomegaly, with progressive enlargement as the bleeding continues

76
Q

what may be present with splenic trauma?

A

irregular splenic border, hematoma, heterogenous parenchyma subcapsular and pericapsular fluid collection, free intraperitoneal blood or left pleural effusion

Spleen (3 decks)

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