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Alimentary > Pathology of the Liver and Pancreas > Flashcards

Pathology of the Liver and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of a normal liver lobe?

A

2mm
Pentagon
Bounded by portal tracts
Hepatocytes converge on central vein

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2
Q

Why is the liver poorly oxygenated?

A

Portal veins contain mostly nutrients and is mixed eith hepatic artery on way to central vein

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3
Q

How does bile flow relate to blood flow in the liver?

A

They flow in opposite directions. Bile is produced in the canaliculi and flows away from the central vein, towards the bile duct

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4
Q

What are the zones in the liver lobule and how well is each one oxygenated?

A
  1. Centrilobular - Least oxygenated
  2. Midzonal
  3. Periportal - Most oxygenated
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5
Q

What usually causes passive venous congestion resulting in nutmeg liver?

A

Right sided congestive heart failure

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6
Q

What is the gross and microscopic appearance of venous congestion?

A

G - Enlarged rounded borders, blood from cut surface and nutmeg liver

M - Congested venules and sinusoids, dark red hepatocytes in centrilobular zone, pale red hepatocytes in periportal zone

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7
Q

How do congenital and acquired PSS differ anatomically?

A

C - Single shunt to larger BV

A - Multiple thin walled shunt

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8
Q

What pigments can result in liver pathology and how do they come about?

A

Melanin - Congenital
Haemosiderin - Venous congestion
Bile - Icterus
Lipfuscin/cerioid - Ageing

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9
Q

What is the gross and microscopic appearance of vacuolar hepatopathy?

A

G - Enlarged pale liver

M - Multifocal-diffuse swelling and vacuolation of hepatocytes

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10
Q

Outline the pathogenesis of fatty liver…

A

Disease/NEB > abnormal hepatocyte function > decreased FA complexing > decreased low density lipoproteins

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11
Q

Describe the gross and microscopic appearance of amyloidosis of the liver

A

G - Pale orange, enlarged fribale

M - Homogenous, acidophilic material, stains green in Congo red

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12
Q

What can cause hepatic necrosis?

A

Ischaemia
Toxic damage
Nutritional deficiencies
Microbial infection

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13
Q

What usually results in the liver from acute ingestion of toxins?

A

Decreased synthesis and increased consumption of clotting factors –> haemorrhage

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14
Q

Give 4 examples of toxins that damage the liver

A

Ragwort
Copper
Sulphonamides
Paracetamol in cats

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15
Q

What are the three types of liver inflammation and what parts of the liver do they affect?

A

Hepatitis - liver parenchyma
Cholangitis - bile ducts
Cholangiohepatitis - parenchyma and bile ducts

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16
Q

What is the usual cause of hepatitis?

A

Infectious

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17
Q

What can cause cholangitis?

A

Immune-mediated

Infection

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18
Q

Acute hepatitis is followed by inflammation. If the animal survives how might it then progress?

A

Complete resolution by regeneration
Repair by fibrosis and scarring
Encapsulation by abscessation
Persistence by granulomatous disease

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19
Q

What types of viruses can cause hepatitis?

A

Adenovirus
Herpesvirus
Coronavirus

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20
Q

What animals do viral hepatitis generally occur in?

A

Young

Unvaccinated

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21
Q

What is the pathology of infectious canine hepatitis?

A

Widespread haemorrhages
Enlarged, reddened and haemorrhagic LNs
Inflamm in the eye with opaque corneas

22
Q

Give 4 examples of herpesviruses

A

Equine viral rhinopneumonitis
IBR
Refline viral rhinopnumonitis
Aujezsky’s

23
Q

What is the pathology of herpesvirus?

A

Aborted foetus/neonates
Pinpoint foci of hepatic necrosis
Necrosis to lungs, kidneys, spleen and adrenals

24
Q

What is the pathology of FIP?

A

Pyogranulomatous lesions in multiple organs esp liver

25
Q

What routes can the liver become infected with bacteria?

A

Direct - adjacent tissues
Haematogenous - portal vein from GIT, hepatic artery with bateraemia, umbilicus
Abscesses - umbilicus, rumenitis

26
Q

What does Fusobaterium necrophorum cause?

A

Bacillary necrosis in cattle/sheep

27
Q

What does Clostridium novyi type B cause?

A

Black’s disease/infectious necrotis hepatitis in sheep

28
Q

What does Clostridium haemolyticum cause?

A

Bacillary haemogloburia in cattle/sheep

29
Q

What does Clostridium piliforme cause?

A

Tyzzer’s disease in lab rodents, neonatal foals and immunocompromised SA

30
Q

What species in Lepto most common in?

A

Dogs

31
Q

What species is most affected by Salmonellosis? What is the principle species?

A

Calves

S. dublin

32
Q

How does the aetiology of bacillary necrosis differ in adults and calves?

A

A - enters circ following rumenitis

C - enters via umbilicus

33
Q

What is the pathology of bacillary haemoglobinuria?

A

Anaemia, icterus, haemogloburia
Focally extensive hepatic necrosis
Haemoglobin staining of kidneys

34
Q

How is Clostridum piliforme identified?

A

Wheat sheaf appearance of colonies in silver stain

35
Q

What are the clinical signs of leptospirosis?

A

Haemolytic anaemia
Haemorrhages
Icterus

36
Q

Which parasites is responsible for milk spot liver?

A

Ascaris suum

37
Q

Which parasite can damage the liver during migration in horses?

A

Strongyles

38
Q

What infectious causes can inflam the gallbladder?

A

Salmonella

Infectious canine hepatitis

39
Q

What is the consequences of gall bladder rupturing?

A

Bile peritonitis

40
Q

Which animal is liver hyperplasia common in?

A

Dogs

41
Q

Which species is primary liver neoplasia common in?

A

Dogs and cats

42
Q

Which cells can form a primary liver tumour?

A

Hepatocytes

Bilary epithelium

43
Q

What are the characteristics of haemangiosarcomas of the liver?

A

Primary or secondary
Secondary from spleen or RA
Prevalent in large breed

44
Q

Name 4 tumours likely to metastasise to the liver…

A

Melanoma
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Lymphoma

45
Q

Which breeds/species are most likely to suffer from pancreatic hypoplasia?

A

GSD

Calves

46
Q

What are the clinical signs of pancreatic hypoplasia?

A

Diarrhoea
Weight loss despite increased appetite
Potbellied
Lack of abdominal fat

47
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute pancreatitis?

A

Shock

Increased lipase and amylase

48
Q

Outline the pathophysiology of chronic pancreatitis…

A

Repeated bouts of acute pancreatitis –> Fibrosis and atrophy –> EPI

49
Q

Which animals are affected by pancreatic hyperplasia?

A

Older cats and dogs

50
Q

Is pancreatic hyper and hypoplasia clinically significant?

A

Hyper - no

Hypo - yes, cause EPI

51
Q

What type of neoplasia is most common in SA pancreas?

A

Carcinoma

52
Q

Where do pancreatic carcinomas metastasis to?

A 
Liver
Peritoneum
LNs
Spleen
Adrenals

Alimentary (14 decks)

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