Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

VET 408: Cardio/Respiratory > Pathology of Valvular and Myocardial Diseases > Flashcards

Pathology of Valvular and Myocardial Diseases Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are two ways that the heart can compensate for changes in load

A

dilation and hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how does dilation affect filling and ejection

A

increases chamber size to improve filling
increases amount ejected UP TO A POINT

if too much dilation –> decreased contraction ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does hypertrophy affect filling and contractility

A
  1. concentric: decreases filling, increases contractility
  2. eccentric: increases filling, decreases contractility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

concentric hypertrophy

A

sarcomeres added in parallel to increase wall thickness

caused by increased pressure (afterload)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

eccentric hypertrophy

A

sarcomeres added in series to increase wall length

caused by increased volume (preload)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pathologic hypertrophy

A

when hypertrophy exceeds physiologic state and becomes pathologic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

concentric pathologic hypertrophy

A

causes diastolic dysfunction from decreased compliance

increases EDP and decreases conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

eccentric pathologic hypertrophy

A

causes systolic dysfunction from decreased contractility

growth occurs in random directions = loss of coordinated contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

intracardiac consequences of hypertrophy

A

reduced heart function

fibrosis, dysrhythmias, increased myocyte mass, decreased contractility and CO

if CO < demand –> heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

extra cardiac consequences of hypertrophy

A

fluid accumulation and ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the most common cause of heart disease in animals

A

valvular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the most common cause of valve disease in animals

A

AV valve disease (MV, TV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sign of AV valve disease

A

regurgitation

valve forms incomplete seal causing blood to back flow from ventricle to atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

sequela to AV valve disease

A

atrial dilation + ventricular hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

AV valve dysplasia

A

congenital malformation of the valve

nodular: rounded, thickened tissue
imperforate: valve leaflets never separated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

tricuspid valve dysplasia

A

causes regurgitation

common in labradors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

mitral valve dysplasia

A

causes regurgitation

common in cats and cavalier King Charles spaniels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

AV valve endocardiosis

A

degeneration of the valve at a faster than normal rate

usually myxomatous
usually mitral valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

myxomatous mitral valve endocardiosis

A

smooth, firm/rubbery, multi nodular tissue that blends into adjacent valve tissue

causes regurgitation and turbulent flow leading to jet lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

jet lesions

A

endocardial thickening in response to turbulent flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

AV valve endocarditis

A

infectious inflammation of the valve

usually bacterial
usually mitral valve
(except cows: tricuspid valve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

bacterial MV endocarditis

A

proliferative, granular or friable (fibrin) material that adheres to the valve surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what bacterial causes valvular endocarditis in pigs, horses, and cattle

A

pigs: strep. suis OR E. rhusiopathiae
horses: strep. equi OR actinobacillus equuli
cattle: trueperella pyogenes OR E. coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what causes bacterial endocarditis

A
  • aseptic jugular catheter placement
  • sustained bacteremia that attaches to valve (endocardiosis predisposes)
  • immunosuppression
  • congenital valve defects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
outcome of bacterial endocarditis
usually fatal due to significant vascular injury and remodeling can cause embolisms when pieces of bacteria break off as flap closes/opens and gets trapped in next capillary bed
26
sign of semilunar valve disease
stenosis narrowing of vessels leaving the heart --> increases vascular resistance --> increases afterload
27
sequela to SL valve disease
concentric hypertrophy + post-stenotic vessel dilation also causes jet lesions from turbulent flow
28
primary myocardial disease
disease that is intrinsic to the myocardial fiber usually idiopathic progressive and irreversible
29
dilated cardiomyopathy
enlargement and dilation of the ventricles and atria causes eccentric hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction
30
what species and which chamber is most commonly affected by DCM
dogs left ventricle
31
what kind of drugs would you want to use to treat DCM
positive inotropes (increase contractility)
32
arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
subset of DCM characterized by loss of myocytes with fatty infiltrate causes eccentric hypertrophy with fatty infiltration (not fibrosis) usually right ventricular
33
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
thickening of the ventricular wall from concentric hypertrophy leading to diastolic dysfunction
34
how does HCM cause arrhythmias
myocytes are laid down irregularly w/ fibrosis --> poor conduction --> arrhythmias
35
what species and chamber is most commonly affected
cats left ventricular > IVS > right ventricle
36
what kind of drugs would you use to treat HCM
drugs that decrease HR (allows for more time to relax/fill during diastole)
37
what is a common sequela of HCM in cats
saddle thrombus caused by blood stasis and congestion in lungs signs: 5 Ps (pain, paresis/paralysis, pulselessness, poikilothermia, pallor)
38
restrictive cardiomyopathy
fibrous tissue deposition within the endocardium and sub endothelium surrounding the ventricular lumen causes a diastolic dysfunction due to NO compliance usually idiopathic
39
what species and chamber are most commonly affected by restrictive cardiomyopathy
cats (also dogs, cattle, pigs) left ventricular
40
secondary myocardial disease
myocardial disease that occurs as a result of an exogenous force (hypertension, nutrition, etc) most are REVERSIBLE by removing primary disease
41
feline hyperthyroidism
thyroid tumors leading to thyrotoxic heart disease specific to CATS only - dogs do not get clinical thyroid tumors (but if they do then most are malignant)
42
are cat thyroid tumors more often benign or malignant
benign but release free T4 follicular adenomas, multi nodular hyperplasia
43
what lesions is seen with feline thyrotoxic heart disease
concentric hypertrophy WITHOUT fibrosis similar to HCM grossly and clinically but NO collagen deposits on histology
44
vitamin E/selenium deficiency causing secondary myocardial disease
low vit E/Se causes decreased protection from oxidative damage --> lipid peroxidation --> dec energy available for heart
45
what lesion does vitamin E/Se deficiency cause in pigs
mulberry heart disease fibrinoid vascular necrosis leading to hemorrhage (hemorrhage + pallor)
46
taurine deficiency causing secondary myocardial disease
taurine = essential AA in cats without taurine --> "feline DCM" eccentric hypertrophy reversible w/ taurine supplementation
47
toxic myocardial necrosis
toxins leading to death and necrosis of cardiomyocytes - cardiac glycosides - ionophores - blister beetles - doxorubicin
48
cardiac glycoside toxicity
causes direct damage to cardiomyocytes species: horses ex. oleander
49
ionophore toxicity
increases Ca uptake in cells --> increased sensitivity causes myocardial necrosis species: horses ex. monensin
50
blister beetle toxicity
causes myocarditis, hemorrhagic enteritis, cystitis species: horses
51
doxorubicin toxicity
antibiotic that has cumulative dose related toxicity - once max dose is given, patient can not have this medication again in its life species: small animals
52
myocarditis
inflammation of the myocardium; many infectious etiologies (bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, parasitic)
53
parvoviral myocarditis
rare complication of parvovirus resulting in infection of the myocardium affects puppies 3-8 weeks old presents as sudden death months after Parvo recovery
54
what is the heart's responses to injury
LIMITED regenerative capacity - myocyte loss --> fibrosis - remaining myocytes --> hypertrophy
55
effect of fibrosis on heart function
decreases compliance and conduction (dec. contractility and arrhythmias)
56
what is heart failure
end point for many diseases; occurs when compensatory mechanisms are not enough to meet demand
57
forward failure
decreased cardiac output
58
backward failure
increased vascular stasis and congestion
59
left sided heart failure
pulmonary edema blood congests from LA --> PV --> lungs starling forces (inc. hydrostatic pressure) drives effusion out of vessels
60
gross lesion of L-HF
brown, enlarged, fluid filled lungs brown b/c of alveolar macrophages that infiltrate to consume fluid and RBCs --> converts HgB into hemosiderin --> brown color
61
clinical signs of L-HF
exercise intolerance increased respiratory effort at rest cough crackles syncope
62
right sided heart failure
hepatomegaly, ascites or pleural effusion, peripheral edema, jugular distention blood congests from RA --> cranial and caudal vena cava --> jugular vein and liver causes species specific fluid accumulation
63
R-HF fluid accumulation in dogs, cats, and LA
dogs: ascites cats: pleural effusion LA: subcutis (SQ edema)
64
nutmeg liver disease
chronic hepatic congestion from R sided heart failure

VET 408: Cardio/Respiratory (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions