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Pathology & Physiology Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Which gland produces ear wax

A

Ceruminous

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2
Q

Where is Schneiderian epithelium located?

A

Nose

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3
Q

Which epithelium covers the throat

A

Respiratory & squamous depending upon site

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4
Q

The salivary glands are exocrine/endcorine?

A

Exocrine (duct)

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5
Q

Otitis media is usually viral or bacterial

A

Viral

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6
Q

T/F: Cholesteatoma is a tumour.

A

False - not a tumour and no cholesterol

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7
Q

Cholesteatoma is often preceded by which condition

A

Chronic otitis media

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8
Q

What kind of epithelium is present in cholesteatoma?

A

Stratified squamous

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9
Q

What is the normal epithelium of the middle ear?

A

Cuboidal/ columnar epithelium

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10
Q

Vestibular schwannoma normally presents where

A

Temporal bone (at the vestibular portion of CN VII)

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11
Q

If the patient is young, vestibular schwannoma can be associated with which genetic condition?

A

NF2

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12
Q

Nasal polyps can be caused by NSAID, T/F?

A

True

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13
Q

If nasal polyps are present in the young, which diagnosis must be considered?

A

CF

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14
Q

T/F: Polyps are painful.

A

False

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15
Q

cANCA positive is likely what

A

GPA

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16
Q

pANCA positive is likely what

A

EGPA

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17
Q

Multinucleate giant cells is buzz-word for what

A

GPA

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18
Q

Most common malignant tumour in ENT

A

SCC

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19
Q

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma has a strong association with what virus?

A

EBV

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20
Q

EBV encodes what protein

A

EBNA-2 (activates cyclin D)

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21
Q

Laryngeal polyps are commonly a reactive change to what?

A

Vocal stress, infection and singing

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22
Q

What condition can develop on the vocal cords in response to voice abuse?

A

Contact ulcer

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23
Q

Squamous papilloma of the throat is associated with what HPV strains?

A

HPV 6 and 11

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24
Q

Koliocytosis is pathognomonic for what infection

25
Paragangliomas often result from which genetic condition
MEN2
26
HPV cancer serotypes
16 and 18
27
HPV blocks which rpoteins?
p53 and RB
28
Sialolithiasis is what
Stone in salivary duct
29
Parotid enlargement virus
Mumps
30
Which feature in parotid enlargement would draw suspicion of malignancy/
Pain
31
Gustation is what
Sense of taste
32
Taste receptor cells last how long
10 days
33
T/F: Taste buds are present only in the tongue.
False - also in palate, epiglottis and pharynx
34
Anterior 2/3rd of tongue taste is supplied b which CN
CN VII
35
Posterior 1/3rd of tongue taste is supplied by which nerve?
CN IX
36
Which tongue papillae does NOT contain taste buds: filliform, fungiform, vallate, foliate?
Filliform (also the most common)
37
Taste to areas other than the tongue is supplied by which nerve?
CN X
38
What are the 5 primary tastes?
Salty (sodium chloride), sour (hydrogen ions), sweet (glucose), bitter (alkaloids) and umami (savoury - glutamate)
39
Aguesia is what
Loss of taste
40
Dysguesia is what
Distortion of taste function
41
Olfactory receptors last along how long?
2 months
42
Taste sensation goes to which brain lobe
Temporal
43
What is the "outermost" layer of cells in the olfactory mucosa?
Cilia (odoarants bind here)
44
The external ear has what function
Receiver
45
The tympanic membrane: OW ratio is what
18:1
46
How much pressure is gained in the middle ear?
x22
47
The cartilaginous portion of the eustachian tube is opened by which muscles?
Tensor veli palatani (CN V3) & levator palatine muscles
48
What are the two windows of the inner ear? Where doe sound enter/exit?
Oval window - enter | Round window - exit
49
Which fluid is "outside" in the oval window?
Perilymph
50
The cochlea has how many turns?
2 and 1/2
51
Oscillopsia occurs when there is no what?
Vestibular input into the balance
52
How many vestibular end organs are there?
5 (macula of utricle & saccule and the ampulla of the lateral, posterior and superior semi-circular canals)
53
What are the otolith organs
Utricle & saccule
54
Semi-circular canals are arranged at what degrees to each other?
90
55
Red flags for head and neck cancer
>3 week history of sore throat, hoarse voice, stridor, unilateral ear pain.
56
The majority of head and neck cancers are what type
Squamous cancer
57
Major risk factors in head & neck cancer (2)
Alcohol & tobacco
58
When is palliative care sought?
During treatment (including curative treatment) and following treatment

ENT (7 decks)

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