Pathology [Repro] Flashcards
(248 cards)
1
Q
Diagnose: male, testicular atrophy, eunuchoid body shape, tall stature, long extremities, gynecomastia, female hair distribution +/- developmental delay
A
Klinefelter’s syndrome
2
Q
What are the characteristic lab findings in Klinefelter’s syndrome?
A
Increased: LH, FSH, oestrogen
Decreased: inhibin, testosterone
3
Q
What genetic abnormalities are associated with Klinefelter’s syndrome?
A
XXY
4
Q
Diagnose: female, short stature, ovarian dysgenesis (streak ovaries), shield chest, bicuspid aortic valve, webbed neck, coarctation of aorta, horshoe kidney, dysgerminonma, lymphedema
A
Turner syndrome
5
Q
What are the characteristic lab findings in Turner syndrome?
A
Increased: LF, FSH
Decreased: estrogen
6
Q
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of Turner syndrome?
A
No Barr bodies
7
Q
What genetic abnormalities are associated with Turner syndrome?
A
XO
8
Q
Diagnose: male, tall stature, severe acne, antisocial behavior
A
Double Y syndrome
9
Q
What genetic abnormalities are associated with Double Y syndrome?
A
XYY
10
Q
What is the etiology of female pseudo-hermaphroditism?
A
Excessive exposure to androgens during gestation
11
Q
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of female pseudo-hermaphroditism?
A
Ovaries present, external genitalia virilized or ambiguous
12
Q
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of male pseudo-hermaphroditism?
A
Testes present, external genitalia female or ambigious
13
Q
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of true hermaphroditism?
A
Both ovarian and testicular tissue present, ambiguous genitalia
14
Q
What is the etiology of androgen insensitivity syndrome?
A
Defect in andogen receptor
15
Q
Diagnose: female external genitalia, rudimentary vagina, internal testes, scant sexual hair
A
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
16
Q
What are the characteristic lab findings in androgen insensitivity syndrome?
A
Increased: testosterone, LH, estrogen
17
Q
What genetic abnormalities are associated with androgen insensitivity syndrome?
A
46, XY i.e. normal male
18
Q
What are the characteristic lab findings in primary hypogonadism?
A
Increased: LH
Decreased: testosterone
19
Q
What are the characteristic lab findings in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?
A
Decreased: LH, testosterone
20
Q
What are the characteristic lab findings in testosterone-secreting tumor?
A
Increased: testosterone
Decreased: LH
21
Q
What are the characteristic lab findings in exogenous steroid use?
A
Increased: testosterone
Decreased: LH
22
Q
What is the etiology of Kallmann syndrome?
A
Defective migration of GnRH cells
23
Q
Diagnose: anosmia, lack of secondary sex characteristics
A
Kallmann syndrome
24
Q
What are the characteristic lab findings in Kallmann syndrome?
A
Decreased: GnRH, FSH, LH, testosterone, sperm count
25
What is the etiology of complete hydatiform mole?
2 sperm + 1 empty egg
26
What is the pathogenesis of complete hydatiform mole?
Cystic swelling of chorionic villi and proliferation of chorionic epithelium
27
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of complete hydatiform mole?
abnormal vaginal bleeding
28
What are the characteristic lab findings in complete hydatiform mole?
increased: β-hCG
29
What are the characteristic imaging findings in complete hydatiform mole?
Ultrasound: snowstorm uterus
30
What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of complete hydatiform mole?
Abnormally enlarged, honeycombed or cluster of grapes uterus
31
What are some possible complications of complete hydatiform mole?
Most common precursor of choriocarcinoma, uterine rupture
32
What is the treatment for complete hydatiform mole?
D&C, methotrexate
33
What is the etiology of partial hydatiform mole?
2 sperm + 1 egg
34
What is the pathogenesis of partial hydatiform mole?
Cystic swelling of chorionic villi and proliferation of chorionic epithelium
35
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of partial hydatiform mole?
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
36
What are the characteristic lab findings in partial hydatiform mole?
Increased: β-hCG
37
What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of partial hydatiform mole?
"Honeycombed" or "cluster of grapes" uterus
38
What is the treatment for partial hydatiform mole?
D&C, methotrexate
39
What genetic abnormalities are associated with partial hydatiform mole?
69, XXX; 69, XXY; 69, XYY
40
What are some possible complications of partial hydatiform mole?
Most common precursor of choriocarcinoma, uterine rupture
41
What is the etiology of preeclampsia/eclampsia?
Placental ischemia secondary to high maternal vascular tone
42
Diagnose: gestational: headache, blurred vision, abdominal pain, edema, AMS, hyperreflexia, +/- seizures
Preeclampsia/eclampsia
43
What are the characteristic lab findings in preeclampsia/eclampsia?
Increased: hyperuricemia
Decreased: thrombocytopenia
44
What is the treatment for preeclampsia/eclampsia?
1. Delivery ASAP
2. Until then, bed rest, treatment of HTN
3. IV magnesium sulfate to prevent/treat seizures
45
What are the risk factors for preeclampsia/eclampsia?
HTN, DM, renal disease, autoimmune disorders
46
What are some possible complications of preeclampsia/eclampsia?
HELLP syndrome
47
What is the etiology of HELLP syndrome?
Variant/complication of preeclampsia/eclampsia
48
What are the characteristic lab findings in HELLP syndrome?
Haemolysis
Increased: liver enzymes
Decreased: platelets
49
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of abruptio placentae?
Painful bleeding in 3rd trimester
50
What is the prognosis for abruptio placentae?
Life-threatening for fetus and mother
51
What are the risk factors for abruptio placentae?
Smoking, HTN, cocaine
52
What are some possible complications of abruptio placentae?
DIC
53
What is the etiology of placenta accreta?
Placenta invades beyond decidua and attaches to myometrium
54
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of placenta accreta?
Massive maternal bleeding at delivery
55
What are the risk factors for placenta accreta?
Prior C-section, prior placenta previa
56
What is the etiology of placenta previa?
Placenta attaches near or over internal cervical os
57
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of placenta previa?
Painless vaginal bleeding during any trimester
58
What are the risk factors for placenta previa?
Multiparity, prior C-section
59
What are some possible complications of retained placental tissue?
Postpartum hemorrhage or infection
60
What is the etiology of ectopic pregnancy?
Zygote implants outside of uterus, usually fallopian tubes
61
Diagnose: sudden onset abdominal pain, amenorrhea
Ectopic pregnancy
62
What are the characteristic lab findings in ectopic pregnancy?
Decreased: hCG (compared to expected)
63
What are the characteristic imaging findings in ectopic pregnancy?
Ultrasound: visible mass
64
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of ectopic pregnancy?
Endometrium has decidua basalis but no chorionic villi
65
What are the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy?
PID, hx infertility, ruptured appendix, prior tubal surgery (scar)
66
What is the etiology of polyhydramnios?
Inability to swallow amniotic fluid
67
What are the risk factors for polyhydramnios?
Oesophageal or duodenal atresia, anencephaly
68
What is the physical defect in polyhydramnios?
\>1.5 L amniotic fluid
69
What are the risk factors for oligohydramnios?
Placental insufficiency, bilateral renal agenesis, posterior urethral valve
70
What are some possible complications of oligohydramnios?
Potter's sequence
71
What is the etiology of cervical dysplasia/squamous cell carcinoma?
HPV 16, 18
72
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of cervical dysplasia/squamous cell carcinoma?
Koilocytes (enlarged, hyperchromatic epithelial cells) on Pap smear.
(normal left, abnormal right)
73
What are some possible complications of cervical dysplasia/squamous cell carcinoma?
May progress to invasive carcinoma
74
What are the risk factors for cervical dysplasia/squamous cell carcinoma?
Multiple sexual partners, smoking, early age of first intercourse, HIV infection
75
What is the etiology of endometritis?
Retained tissue/foreign body in uterus
76
What is the pathogenesis of endometritis?
Infection and inflammation of endometrium
77
What is the treatment for endometritis?
Gentamycin + clindamycin +/- ampicillin
78
What is the etiology of endometriosis?
Retrograde menstrual flow
79
Diagnose: cyclic menstrual bleeding from non-uterine site, severe menstrual-related pain, painful intercourse, infertility
Endometriosis
80
What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of endometriosis?
Blood-filled "chocolate cysts"
81
What is the treatment for endometriosis?
OCP, NSAIDs, leuprolide, danazol
82
What are the characteristic imaging findings in endometriosis?
Uterus is normal sized
83
What is the etiology of adenomyosis?
Non-neoplastic endometrial tissue within myometrium
84
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of adenomyosis?
Menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain
85
What are the characteristic imaging findings in adenomyosis?
Uterus is enlarged
86
What is the treatment for adenomyosis?
Hysterectomy
87
What is the etiology of endometrial hyperplasia?
Usually excess estrogen stimulation
88
What are the risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia?
Anovulatory cycles, hormone replacement therapy, PCOS, granulosa cell tumor
89
What are some possible complications of endometrial hyperplasia?
Increased risk for endometrial carcinoma
90
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of endometrial hyperplasia?
Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding
91
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of endometrial carcinoma?
Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding
92
What are the risk factors for endometrial carcinoma?
Oestrogen without progestin, obesity, DM, HTN, nulliparity, late menopause
93
What populations are most at risk for endometrial carcinoma?
55-65 years
94
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of leiomyoma (fibroid)?
Asymptomatic, abnormal uterine bleeding, miscarriage
95
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of leiomyoma (fibroid)?
Well-demarcated edges, whorled smooth muscle bundles
96
What populations are most at risk for leiomyoma (fibroid)?
20-40 years, black race
97
What is the prognosis for leiomyoma (fibroid)?
Good, does NOT progress to leiomyosarcoma
98
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of leiomyosarcoma?
Areas of necrosis and hemorrhage
99
What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of leiomyosarcoma?
Bulky, irregluar shape, may protrude from cervix
100
What populations are most at risk for leiomyosarcoma?
Black race, middle age
101
What is the pathogenesis of premature ovarian failure?
Atresia of ovarian follicles
102
Diagnose: signs of menopause after puberty but before 40
Premature ovarian failure
103
What are the characteristic lab findings in premature ovarian failure?
Increased: LH, FSH
Decreased: estrogen
104
What is the etiology of polycistic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?
Deranged LH production and steroid synthesis
105
Diagnose: amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, hirsutism, +/- insulin resistance
Polycistic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
106
What are the characteristic lab findings in polycistic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?
Increased: LH, testosterone, estrogen
Decreased: FSH
107
What are the characteristic imaging findings in polycistic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?
Enlarged, bilateral, cystic ovaries
108
What is the treatment for polycistic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?
Weight loss, OCPs or medroxyprogesterone, spironolactone, clomiphene, metformin
109
What are some possible complications of polycistic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?
Increased risk of endometrial cancer
110
What is the etiology of follicular cyst?
Distension of unruptured Graafian follicle
111
What are the characteristic lab findings in follicular cyst?
Increased: estrogen
112
What are some possible complications of follicular cyst?
Endometrial hyperplasia
113
What is the etiology of corpus luteum cyst?
Haemorrhage into persistent corpus luteum
114
What is the prognosis for corpus luteum cyst?
Commonly regresses spontaneously
115
What is the etiology of theca-lutein cyst?
Gonadotropin stimulation
116
What are some possible complications of theca-lutein cyst?
Associated with choriocarcinoma and amoles
117
What is the etiology of hemorrhagic ovarian cyst?
Blood vessel rupture in cyst wall
118
What is the prognosis for hemorrhagic ovarian cyst?
Usually self-resolves
119
What is the etiology of endometrioid cyst (chocolate cyst)?
Endometriosis within ovary with cyst formation
120
What are the characteristic lab findings in dysgerminoma?
Increased: hCG, LDH
121
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of dysgerminoma?
Sheets of uniform cells
122
What genetic abnormalities are associated with dysgerminoma?
Turner syndrome (XO)
123
What is the prognosis for dysgerminoma?
Malignant
124
What is the etiology of choriocarcinoma (ovary or testicle)?
Malignancy of trophoblast, germ cell tumor
125
What is the prognosis for choriocarcinoma (ovary or testicle)?
Malignant, early mets to lungs
126
What are some possible complications of choriocarcinoma (ovary or testicle)?
Associated with theca-lutein cysts
127
What are the characteristic lab findings in choriocarcinoma (ovary or testicle)?
Increased: hCG
128
What are the characteristic lab findings in yolk sac tumor (ovary or testicle or testicular)?
Increased AFP
129
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of yolk sac tumor (ovary or testicle or testicular)?
Schiller-Duval bodies (resemble glomeruli)
130
What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of yolk sac tumor (ovary or testicle or testicular)?
Yellow, friable solid mass
131
What populations are most at risk for yolk sac tumor (ovary or testicle or testicular)?
Young children
132
What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of teratoma?
Cystic growths fillled with fat, teeth, hair, bone, cartilage
133
What is the prognosis for teratoma?
Mature (dermoid cyst) - usually benign
Immature - aggressively malignant
134
What is the etiology of yolk sac tumor (ovary or testicle or testicular)?
Germ cell tumor
135
What is the etiology of dysgerminoma?
Germ cell tumor
136
What is the etiology of serous cystadenocarcinoma?
Ovarian tumor
137
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of serous cystadenocarcinoma?
Psammoma bodies (Psammoma body pictured, but different cancer)
138
What is the prognosis for serous cystadenocarcinoma?
Malignant
139
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of mucinous cystadenoma?
Multilocular cyst with mucous secreting epithelium
140
What is the prognosis for mucinous cystadenoma?
Benign
141
What is the prognosis for mucinous cystadenocarcinoma?
Malignant
142
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of Brenner tumor?
"Coffee bean" nuclei on H&E
143
What are the characteristic gross pathology findings of Brenner tumor?
Solid tumor, tan-yellow color, appears encapsulated. Looks like bladder
144
What is the prognosis for Brenner tumor?
Benign
145
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of Granulosa cell tumor?
Abnormal uterine bleeding
146
What are the characteristic lab findings in Granulosa cell tumor?
Increased: estrogen
147
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of Granulosa cell tumor?
Call-Exner bodies - small follicles with eosinophilic secretions
148
What are some possible complications of Granulosa cell tumor?
Precocious puberty in kids, endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma in adults
149
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of fibroma?
Pulling sensation in groin
150
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of fibroma?
Bundles of spindle-shaped fiibroblasts
151
Diagnose: ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax
Meigs' syndrome
152
What is the etiology of Krukenberg tumor?
GI malignancy mets to ovaries (adenocarcinoma)
153
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of Krukenberg tumor?
Mucin-secreting signet cells
154
What is the etiology of vaginal squamous cell carcinoma?
Usually secondary to cervical SCC
155
GYN tumor incidence in US: **[...]** \> **[...]** \> **[...]**
GYN tumor incidence in US: **endometrial** \> **ovarian** \> **cervical**
156
GYN tumor prognosis: **[...]** \> **[...]** \> **[...]**
GYN tumor prognosis: **endometrial** \> **cervical** \> **ovarian**
157
Worldwide, **[...]** cancer is the most common gynecologic tumor.
Worldwide, **cervical** cancer is the most common gynecologic tumor.
158
What are the risk factors for clear cell adenocarcinoma?
Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero
159
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of sarcoma botyroides?
Spindle shaped tumor cells, desmin +
160
What populations are most at risk for sarcoma botryoids?
Girls \<4 y/o
161
Diagnose: small, mobile, firm breast mass with sharp edges. Increase in size and tenderness with menstruation and pregnancy.
Fibroademona
162
What populations are most at risk for fibroademona?
\<35 y/o
163
Diagnose: small breast mass beneath areola, serous or bloody nipple discharge
Intraductal papilloma
164
What are some possible complications of intraductal papilloma?
Slight increase in risk for carcinoma
165
Diagnose: large, bulky breast mass; leaf-life projections
Phyllodes tumor
166
What populations are most at risk for phyllodes tumor?
\>60 y/o
167
What are the risk factors for malignant breast tumor (general)?
Oestrogen exposure: total number of menstrual cycles, early puberty, late first birth, obesity, BRCA1, BRCA2
168
What populations are most at risk for malignant breast tumor (general)?
Usually postmenopause
169
What progenitor cell type is associated with malignant breast tumor (general)?
Usually arise from terminal duct lobular unit
170
The most important prognostic factor for malignant breast cancer is **[...]**.
The most important prognostic factor for malignant breast cancer is axillary **lymph node involvement**.
171
Some breast cancers overexpress **[...]**, **[...]**, and **[...]** receptors.
Some breast cancers overexpress **oestrogen**, **progesterone**, and **HER-2** receptors.
172
Malignant breast tumors are most often located in the **[...]** quadrant of the breast.
Malignant breast tumors are most often located in the **upper-outer** quadrant of the breast.
173
What is the etiology of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?
Arises from ductal hyperplasia
174
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?
No basement penetration
175
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of comedocarcinoma?
Noninvasive ductal carcinoma with central caseous necrosis
176
Diagnose: firm, fibrous, rock-hard breast mass
Invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)
177
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)?
Sharp margins; small glandular duct-like cells; stellate morphology
178
What is the prognosis for invasive ductal carcinoma (breast)?
Poor; very invasive
179
**[...]** is the worst and most common of all breast cancers.
**Invasive ductal carcinoma** is the worst and most common of all breast cancers.
180
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of invasive lobular carcinoma (breast)?
Orderly rows of cells in Indian file
181
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of medullary carcinoma (breast)?
Fleshy, cellular, lymphocytic infiltrate
182
What is the prognosis for medullary carcinoma (breast)?
Good
183
What is the pathogenesis of inflammatory carcinoma (breast)?
Dermal lymphatic invasion by breast carcinoma - blockage of lymphatics
184
Diagnose: orange peel breast
Inflammatory carcinoma (breast)
185
What is the prognosis for inflammatory carcinoma (breast)?
Poor
186
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of Paget's disease of the breast?
Eczematous patches on areola or nipple
187
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of Paget's disease of the breast?
Paget cells - large cells in epidermis with clear halo
188
What are some possible complications of Paget's disease of the breast?
Suggests underlying DCIS
189
Diagnose: premenstrual breast pain, multiple breast lumps - often bilateral. Fluctuates in size with mentsrual cycle
Fibrocystic disease (breast)
190
The subtypes of fibrocystic disease of the breast are **[...]**, **[...]**, **[...]**, and **[...]**.
The subtypes of fibrocystic disease of the breast are **fibrosis**, **cystic**, **sclerosing adenosis**, and **epithelial hyperplasia**.
191
What is the etiology of acute mastitis?
Most commonly S. aureus infection
192
What are the risk factors for acute mastitis?
Breast feeding
193
What is the etiology of fat necrosis (breast)?
Fat necrosis and saponification following trauma (often mild or unremarkable trauma)
194
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of fat necrosis (breast)?
Painless breast lump
195
What is the etiology of gynecomastia?
Hyperestrogenism from any source
196
Diagnose: female-like breast tissue in a male
Gynecomastia
197
What is the etiology of prostatitis?
Acute - bacterial infection Chronic - usually sterile
198
Diagnose: in male: dysuria, urinary frequency, urgency, low back pain
Prostatitis
199
What is the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
Nodular enlargement of the periurethral (lateral and middle) lobes of the prostate, compressing the urethra
200
Diagnose: urinary frequency, nocturia, difficulty starting/stopping flos, dysuria
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
201
What are the characteristic lab findings in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
Increased: free prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
202
What is the treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
α1-antagonists (terazosin, tamsulosin); finasteride
203
What populations are most at risk for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
men \>50 y/o
204
What are some possible complications of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
If untreated may lead to distention and hypertrophy of bladder, hydronephrosis, UTIs
205
What populations are most at risk for prostatic adenocarcinoma?
Men \> 50 y/o
206
What are some possible complications of prostatic adenocarcinoma?
Mets to bone
207
Prostatic adenocarcinoma most often arise from the **[...]** lobe of the prostate.
Prostatic adenocarcinoma most often arise from the **posterior** lobe of the prostate.
208
What are the characteristic lab findings in prostatic adenocarcinoma?
increased: total PSA decreased: free/total PSA ratio
209
What are the characteristic lab findings in cryptorchidism?
increased: FSH, LH decreased: inhibin, +/- testosterone (unilateral)
210
What are the risk factors for cryptorchidism?
Prematurity
211
What are some possible complications of cryptorchidism?
Impaired spermatogenesis, increased risk of germ cell tumors
212
What is the etiology of varicocele?
Increased venous pressure leads to dilated veins in pampiniform plaxus
213
Diagnose: scrotal enlargement, bag of worms appearance
Varicocele
214
What is the treatment for varicocele?
Varicocelectomy, embolization
215
What are some possible complications of varicocele?
Infertility
216
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of seminoma (testicle)?
Painless, homogenous testicular enlargement
217
What are the characteristic lab findings in seminoma (testicle)?
Increased: placental alk phos (PLAP)
218
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of seminoma (testicle)?
Large cells in lobules with watery cytoplasn and fried egg appearrance
219
What is the treatment for seminoma (testicle)?
Radiotherapy
220
What is the prognosis for seminoma (testicle)?
Malignant, but excellent overall prognosis
221
What populations are most at risk for seminoma (testicle)?
15-35 y/o
222
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of choriocarcinoma (ovary or testicle)?
Gynecomastia
223
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of embryonal carcinoma (testicle)?
Painful testicular mass
224
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of embryonal carcinoma (testicle)?
Often glandular/papillary; often mixed with other tumor cell types
225
What is the prognosis for embryonal carcinoma (testicle)?
Malignant
226
What are the risk factors for embryonal carcinoma (testicle)?
Embryonal carcinoma
227
Testicular germ cell tumors are usually **[...]** while testicular non-germ cell tumors are usually **[...]**.
Testicular germ cell tumors are usually **malignant** while testicular non-germ cell tumors are usually **benign**.
228
Testicular germ cell tumors account for **[...]**% while testicular non-germ cell tumors account for **[...]**% of all tumors.
Testicular germ cell tumors account for **95%** while testicular non-germ cell tumors account for **5%** of all tumors.
229
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of Leydig cell tumor?
Gynecomastia in men, precocious puberty in boys
230
What are the characteristic histo-path findings of Leydig cell tumor?
Reinke crystals
231
What is the etiology of Sertoli cell tumor?
Androblastoma from sex cord stroma
232
What is the etiology of testicular lymphoma?
Mets from primary lymphoma
233
What is the prognosis for testicular lymphoma?
Poor; aggressive
234
What populations are most at risk for testicular lymphoma?
Older men
235
Transillumination of the testes can help distinguish **[...]** from **[...]**.
Transillumination of the testes can help distinguish **benign lesions of the tunica vaginalis** from **testicular cancers**.
236
What is the etiology of congenital hydrocele?
Incomplete fusion of processus vaginalis leads to fluid build-up in testicle
237
What is the etiology of spermatocele?
Dilated epididymal duct
238
What populations are most at risk for squamous cell carcinoma (penis)?
Uncircumsized men; Asia, Africa, South America
239
What is the etiology of Peyronie's disease?
Fibrotic tissue formation in penis shaft
240
Diagnose: non-painful, bent penis
Peyronie's disease
241
What is the etiology of priapism?
Spinal trauma, sickle cell disease, medications
242
Diagnose: painful, sustained erection not associated with sexual desire or stimulation
Priapism
243
What is the pathogenesis of oligohydramnios?
Inability to excrete urine
244
What is a general ovarian cancer marker?
Elevated CA-125
245
What is the etiology of acquired hydrocele?
Benign scrotal fluid collection usually secondary to infection, trauma, tumour (associated with blockage of lymphatic drainage).
246
What are the characteristic features of Bowen's disease?
Gray, solitary, crusty plaque, usually on the shaft of the penis or on the scrotum. Peak incidence in 5th decade of life. Progresses to invasive SCC in
247
What are the characteristic features of Erythroplasia of Queyrat?
Red velvety plaques, usually involving the glans.
248
What are the characteristic features of Bowenoid papulosis?
Multiple papular lesions. Affects younger age group than other subtypes. Usually does not become invasisve.
