Pathoma charts

Question 1

What carcinogenic agent is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma? Where is this most common? What is it derived from?

Answer 1

aflatoxins; most common in Africa; derived from Aspergillus (contaminate stored rice and grains)

Question 2

What carcinogenic agent is associated with leukemia/lymphoma?

Answer 2

alkylating agents - side effect of chemotherapy

Question 3

What carcinogenic agent is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx and upper esophagus?

Answer 3

alcohol

Question 4

What carcinogenic agent is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of skin, lung cancer, and angiosarcoma of liver?

Answer 4

arsenic - present in cigarette smoke

Question 5

What carcinogenic agent is associated with carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder, and pancreas?

Answer 5

polycyclic hydrocarbons from cigarette smoke

Question 6

What carcinogenic agent is associated with stomach carcinoa (intestinal type)?

Answer 6

nitrosamines found in smoked food (esp Japan)

Question 7

What carcinogenic agent is associated with urothelial carcinoma of bladder?

Answer 7

naphthylamine derived from cigarette smoke

Question 8

What carcinogenic agent is associated with angiosarcoma of liver?

Answer 8

vinyl chloride from occupational exposure - PVC for pipes

Question 9

What carcinogenic agent is associated with lung carcinoma?

Answer 9

nickel, chromium, beryllium, or silica from occupational exposure

Question 10

What carcinogenic agent is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and presents as a neck mass?

Answer 10

EBV

Question 11

What carcinogenic agent is associated with burkitt lymphoma?

Answer 11

EBV

Question 12

What carcinogenic agent is associated with CNS lymphoma in AIDS?

Answer 12

EBV

Question 13

What carcinogenic agent is associated with Kaposi sarcoma and what is Kaposi sarcoma?

Answer 13

HHV-8; kaposi is a tumor of endothelial cells common in transplant recepients, European males, and AIDS patients

Question 14

What carcinogenic agent is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma?

Answer 14

HBV and HCV

Question 15

What carcinogenic agent is associated with adult t-cell leukemia/lymphoma?

Answer 15

HTLV-1

Question 16

What carcinogenic agent is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, anus, cervix

Answer 16

High-risk HPV (16,18,31,33)

Question 17

What carcinogenic agent is associated with AML and CML?

Answer 17

IONIZING radiation (generates free radicals)

Question 18

What carcinogenic agent is associated with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid?

Answer 18

IONIZING radiation (generates free radicals)

Question 19

What carcinogenic agent is associated with basal cell carcinoma, squamous cellc arcinoma, and melanoma of skin?

Answer 19

NONionizing radiation (UVB sunlight most common source)

Question 20

What results in formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA? What are they normally excised by?

Answer 20

nonionizing radiation cancers (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma) - normally excised by restriction endonuclease

Question 21

What oncogene is associated with astrocytoma? What is its normal function and mechanism?

Answer 21

PDGFB is overexpressed by astrocytoma cells in an autocrine loop - a platelet-derived growth factor

Question 22

What oncogene is associated with a subset of breast carcinomas? What is its normal function and mechanism?

Answer 22

ERBB2 (HER2/neu) by amplification - normally an epidermal growth factor and receptor

Question 23

What oncogene is associated with MEN2A, MEN2B, and sporadic meduallary carcinoma of thyroid? What is its normal function and mechanism?

Answer 23

RET - a point mutation in a neural growth factor receptor - cut out thyroid as treatment

Question 24

What oncogene is associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumor? What is its normal function and mechanism?

Answer 24

KIT; a point mutation in a stem cell growth factor receptor

Question 25

What oncogene is associated with carcinomas, melanoma, and lymphoma? Normal function and mechanism?

Answer 25

RAS gene family (affected in 80% of human tumors) - a point mutation in a GTP binding protein (signal transducer)

Question 26

What oncogene is associated with CML and some types of ALL? Normal function and mechanism?

Answer 26

ABL; a tyrosine kinase signal transducer - this defines CML because of the Philadelphia chromosome (t(9;22))

Question 27

What oncogene is associated with Burkitt lymphoma? Normal function and regulator?

Answer 27

c-MYC nuclear regulator - has a "starry appearance" - when switched, gene is always on myc is on chrom 8, translocation with 14 (IgH) B cells

Question 28

What oncogene is associated with Neuroblastoma? Normal function and mechanism?

Answer 28

N-myc - amplified transcription factor (nuclear regulator = upregulation of genes required for cell growth)

Question 29

What oncogene is associated with lung carcinoma (small cell)?

Answer 29

L-myc - amplification of transcription factor nuclear regulatory

Question 30

What oncogene is associated with mantle cell lymphoma? What is the normal function and mechanism?

Answer 30

CCND1 (cyclin D1) - function: cell cycle regulator = t:11,14 translocation (cyclin D1 on chrom 11 - allows passage from G1->S; chrom 14 has IgH)

Question 31

What oncogene is associated with melanoma? What is the normal function and mechanism?

Answer 31

CDK4; amplification of cyclin-dependent kinase (cell cycle regulator)

Question 32

What tissue type does keratin stain?

Answer 32

epithelium

Question 33

What tissue type does vimentin stain?

Answer 33

mesenchyme

Question 34

What tissue type does desmin stain?

Answer 34

muscle

Question 35

What tissue type does GFAP stain?

Answer 35

neuroglia

Question 36

What tissue type does neurofilament stain?

Answer 36

neurons

Question 37

What tissue type does PSA stain?

Answer 37

prostatic epithelium

Question 38

What tissue type does ER stain?

Answer 38

breast epithelium

Question 39

What tissue type does thyroglobulin?

Answer 39

thyroid follicular cells

Question 40

What tissue type does chromogranin?

Answer 40

neuroendocrine cells (eg small cell carcinoma of lung and carcinoid tumors?

Question 41

What tissue type does S-100?

Answer 41

melanoma, schwannoma, and langerhans cell histiocytosis