Pathoma- COPD Flashcards
DX? chronic, productive cough lasting at least 3 months over a minimum of 2 years highly assoc with smoking
chronic bronchitis
What is the pathogenesis of asthma?
genetically-susceptible pt is exposed to an allergen that induces TH2 phenotype in CD4+ cells
What syndrome is a defect of the dynein arm of all cilia, causing sinusitis, infertilitiy, situs inversus, and lung infections?
Kartagener Syndrome
What is panacinar emphysema? Where is it most severe?
emphysema across the whole acinus, usu associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. most severe in the lower lobes
Histamine-induced vasodilation occurs at?
the arterioles
- DX?
- dyspnea cough w/ minimal sputum
- prolonged expriration, breathing thru pursed lips
- weight loss
- increased AP diameter of chest (barrel chested)
emphysema
_____ are a byproduct of inflammation; ______ proteins protect against this.
Proteases; antiproteases
Nasal polyps are associated with?
- chronic rhinitis 2. aspirin intolerant asthma 3. cystic fibrosis
What is the normal A1AT allele? What is the mutated allle?
PiM; PiZ
What are the clinical features of bronchiectasis?
- SOB
- cough with foul-smelling sputum
- complications: hypoxemia, cor pulmonale, 2a amyloidosis
What does IL5 do?
attracts eosinphils
What is an acinus?
the functional unit of the lung
What is the obstruction in emphysema?
collapsed bronchioles that have lost their elastic recoil
What are the features of chronic bronchitis?
chronic, productive cough lasting at least 3 months over a minimum of 2 years highly assoc with smoking increased thickness of mucus glands Reid index >50% cyanosis
What is a normal FEV1?
4L
What are 2 late complications of emphysema?
- hypoxemia 2. cor pulmonale
What is allergic bronchopulmnary aspergilliosis?
a hypersensitivity rxn to aspergillis in asthmatics and CF pts
What causes the obstruction in chronic bronchitis?
mucous
PAO2 creates a pressure that _____, which is then denoted PaO2.
pushes O2 into the BVs
What is the obstruction in bronchiectasis?
enlarged airways- can’t force the air out
What is the average volume of air expired?
5L
What are the features of chronic bronchitis?
- chronic, productive cough lasting at least 3 months over a minimum of 2 years
- highly assoc with smoking
A decreased FEV1:FVC ratio is indicative of _____.
obstructive lung disorders
What are the 2 major types of emphysema?
- centriacinar emphysema 2. panacinar emphysema
This is a hypersensitivity rxn to aspergillis in asthmatics and CF pts.
allergic bronchopulmnary aspergilliosis
What are the features of bronchiectasis?
permanent dilation of bronchioles and bronchi loss of airway tone –> air trapping
How is lung volume and function measured?
spirometry
- DX?
- destruction of the alveolar air sacs
- loss of elastic recoil
- collapse of small airways
- air trapping
emphysema
Obstructive disease means ____.
there’s trouble getting air OUT of the lung
What are the features of chronic bronchitis?
chronic, productive cough lasting at least 3 months over a minimum of 2 years highly assoc with smoking increased thickness of mucus glands Reid index >50%
Describe the histological findings of a liver with A1AT deficiency.
pink or purple, PAS positive, globules in hepatocytes
What also is often present with panacinar emphysema?
liver cirrhosis
What is mucous in the lungs for?
it traps allergens and irritants, foreign material
Increased PaCO2 automatically means _____.
the PAO2 and PaO2 will go down
What are the 4 obstructive lung diseases?
- Chronic bronchitis
- emphysema
- asthma
- bronchiectasis
In asthma, IgE activates _____.
mast cells
What diseases are associated with bronchiectasis?
- CF
- Kartagener Syndrome
- Tumor of Foreign Body
- Necrotizing infection
- Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
What is a normal FEV1:FVC ratio?
80%
What is the difference between a bronchus and a bronchiole?
there’s no cartilage in a bronchiole
What are the features of asthma?
reversible airway bronchoconstriction usu caused by type I hypersensitivity rxn assoc with rhinitis, eczema