Pathoma TidBits Flashcards
(31 cards)
What protein helps decrease cell size? What does it tag for destruction?
Ubiquitin, intermediate filaments for proteosome destruction
What’s PaO2 and SaO2 in the following conditions: Anemia, CO, and Methemoglobinemia
Anemia: both nl; CO poisoning and methamoglobinemia: PaO2 normal, low SaO2
What’s the classic finding of CO poisoning? What are the progression of presentations?
Cherry red appearance, despite poor oxygen perfusion. Headache, confusion, coma, death
When does methemoglobinemia occur? Classic finding? Treatment?
Oxidative stress and newborns; cyanosis and chocolate colored blood; methylene blue IV
What is saponification? When does it occur?
Dystrophic calcification, Ca deposits on necrotic tissue despite normal serum values; fat necrosis
Fibrinoid necrosis is indicative of which of the following conditions?
Vasculitis, malignant hypertension, and pre-eclampsia
What are the steps in reduction of O2 to H20?
O2 to superoxide (by NADPH oxidase) to hydrogen peroxide (by superoxide dismutase) to hydroxyl radical (by catalase) to water (by glutathione peroxidase)
How does organic solvent exposure from dry cleaning industry cause free radical injury? What’s the biopsy finding?
CCl4 is converted to a free radical CCl3, causing hepatic damage and dec lipoprotein synthesis. Fatty liver
How does reperfusion cause free radical injury?
Inflammatory cells react with oxygen and make free radicals which cause further enzyme release
How is amyloidosis seen on histology?
Congo red staining and apple green birefringence on polarized light
Which type of amyloid is seen in primary amyloidosis? What condition is it associated with?
AL- Ig light chain; Multiple myeloma
What causes secondary amyloidosis?
chronic inflammation, malignancy, and FMF
What protein accumulates in senile cardiac amyloidosis?
transthyretin
Which amyloid deposits in Alzheimers? What chromosome is it on?
AB, ch 21
Which amyloid protein builds up in type II diabetes? Dialysis? Medullary thyroid carcinoma?
Amylin (from insulin) in beta cells, beta-microglobulin, calcitonin
What releases arachidonic acid? What does it become?
Released from phospholipase A, cycloxgenase makes it into prostaglandins and 5-lipoxygenase makes leukotrienes
What 4 immune mediators attract neutrophils?
IL8, bacterial products, LTB4, C5a
Mast cells are activated by what 3 stimuli?
Tissue trauma, antigen cross linking on IgE and C3a and C5a
What is MAC formed from? What does it do?
It is made from a C5b-9 complex, pokes holes in bacteria for lysis
What is the Hageman factor How is it activated? What disease is it important for?
Factor XII, exposure of subendothelial tissue or collagen and activates coagulation, complement, and Kinin system
What 2 immune factors cause pain?
Bradykinin and PGE2
How is fever triggered?
Macrophages release IL1 and TNFalpha, perivascular cells in the hypothalamus increase COX activity, PGE2 inc raises temp
Where are each of the selectins made?
P-selectin: Weibel-Palade bodies (also makes vWF) and E-selectin (TNF and IL1)
Where do selectins bind?
sialyl Lewis X on leukocytes
