Pathophys - Glaucoma

Question 1

glaucoma is defined as a group of ___ disorders, that results in what?

Answer 1

eye disorders

results in damage to the OPTIC NERVE and often leads to blindness/complete loss of sight

Question 2

true or false

glaucoma often results in damage to the capillaries of the eyes, leading to complete loss of sight

Answer 2

FALSE - damage to the optic nerve

Question 3

true or false

glaucoma is not lethal

Answer 3

true - it is disabling bc it can cause blindness, but not lethal

Question 4

TRUE OR FALSE

vision loss resulting from glaucoma is permanent and cannot be reversed

Answer 4

true

Question 5

WHY is it that vision loss from glaucoma is permanent?

Answer 5

because there is damage to neurons and they can’t regenerate themselves

Question 6

3-4 eye disorders that exist are the result of what?

Answer 6

high pressure in the eye
causing damage to the retina and optic nerve, leading to blindesss

Question 7

name the 3 classifications of glaucoma

Answer 7

open angle/wide angle
closed angle
congenital

Question 8

another name for open angle glaucoma

Answer 8

wide angle glaucoma

Question 9

of the 3 classifications of glaucoma, which is most common?

Answer 9

open angle/wide angle glaucoma

Question 10

differentiate between the drainage from the eye in open angle vs closed angle glaucoma

Answer 10

in open angle, the drainage from the eye remains open

in closed angle, the fluid drainage from the eye is BLOCKED

Question 11

Differentiate between open and closed angle glaucoma based on how quickly vision is lost, and if pain exists

Answer 11

in open angle, there is a GRADUAL LOSS of peripheral vision. it develops slowly and there’s no pain

in closed angle, it usually presents rapidly (but can be gradual) and there is SEVERE EYE PAIN

Question 12

in open angle glaucoma, there is a GRADUAL LOSS of peripheral vision, and ______ vision loss develops

Answer 12

central

Question 13

true or false

closed angle glaucoma develops slowly with no pain

Answer 13

FALSE - this is open angle

Question 14

are there any chromosomes/genes that seem to be linked to open angle glaucoma

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

true or false

in closed angle glaucoma, fluid drainage from the eye is blocked

Answer 15

true

Question 16

name some physical manifestations of CLOSED ANGLE glaucoma

Answer 16

severe pain
blurred vision
pupil is dilated
eye is red
nausea

Question 17

why is nausea a common symptom of closed angle glaucoma?

Answer 17

because of the imbalance between the sensory input of the eye and ear

Question 18

congenital glaucoma is also known as…..

Answer 18

infantile glaucoma

Question 19

what is the cause of congenital glaucoma?

Answer 19

due to development abnormalities, there is obstruction of aqueous humor drainage

Question 20

is congenital glaucoma a sex-linked disorder?

Answer 20

yes - X-linked recessive

Question 21

as mentioned, congenital glaucoma presents in an X-linked recessive pattern

what does this mean?

Answer 21

it is more common in MALES (65%)

Question 22

true or false

congenital glaucoma can be sex-linked as well as gene linked

Answer 22

true

Question 23

true or false

glaucoma can occur as a result of mutated genes.
these genes seem to be different from open and closed angle glaucoma

Answer 23

true

Question 24

true or false

low blood pressure seems to be a risk factor for developing glaucoma

Answer 24

FALSE

high blood pressure (glaucoma is associated with increased pressure in the eye) - or ocular HTN

Question 25

true or false congenital malformations are a risk factor for glaucoma

Answer 25

TRUE such as congenital malformations in the trabecular network

Question 26

being of _________- ancestry seems to be a risk factor for glaucoma

Answer 26

east asian

Question 27

the eyeball is divided into _______ segments by the ______ what are these segments called?

Answer 27

divided into 2 segments by the LENS called the anterior and posterior segment

Question 28

true or false the anterior segment is in front of the lens and filled with a gel-like vitreous humor

Answer 28

FALSE - it's in front of the lens, but filled with AQUEOUS HUMOR (more watery)

Question 29

where is the posterior segment located and what is it filled with

Answer 29

behind the lens filled with vitreous humor -- more gel like and viscous

Question 30

how can the anterior segment be divided?

Answer 30

divided by the IRIS into the anterior and posterior CHAMBER

Question 31

true or false tears are not aqueous humor

Answer 31

true

Question 32

true or false the anterior segment is filled with aqueous humor

Answer 32

true

Question 33

what produces aqueous humor? how often?

Answer 33

the ciliary body -- produces aqueous humor continuously

Question 34

as the ciliary body is continually producing aqueous humor, where does it flow into? explain full flow

Answer 34

into the posterior chamber, then flows into the anterior chamber through the pupil/iris it then drains from the anterior through the TRABECULAR NETWORK, and then into the blood via the canal of schlemm (or scleral venous sinus)

Question 35

the aqueous humor flows from the posterior chamber into the anterior chamber through.......

Answer 35

the iris, or more specifically pupil

Question 36

as mentioned, aqueous humor flows from the posterior chamber into the anterior through the PUPIL from this anterior chamber, where does it go and how?

Answer 36

first enters the trabecular meshwork in the corner of the eye, and then through the canal of schlemm ------ into the BLOOD

Question 37

the composition of aqueous humor is similar to what?

Answer 37

blood plasma

Question 38

true or false the aqueous humor formed by the ciliary process first flows into the anterior chamber

Answer 38

FALSE - posterior, then into anterior through the pupil

Question 39

the posterior segment is located behind the _______

Answer 39

lens

Question 40

what is located within the posterior segment that gives structure to the eye?

Answer 40

the vitreous chamber, filled with vitreous humor (gel like)

Question 41

what is the vitreous humor composed of

Answer 41

collagen fibrils + water

Question 42

_________ is a viscous ground substance that has a lot of water and contributes to the structure and intraocular pressure of the eye

Answer 42

vitreous humor

Question 43

explain the pathophysiology of open angle glaucoma

Answer 43

there is reduced flow of aq humor through the trabecular meshwork either because of degeneration and/or obstruction of the network this reduction in trabecular flow leads to an increase of intraocular pressure because the ciliary process is continually producing aqueous humor and it's not draining properly from the anterior chamber the aq humor then builds up in the anterior segment. this pressure extends to the retina and optic nerve and sight is affected

Question 44

explain the pathophysiology theory of CLOSED ANGLE glaucoma

Answer 44

the channel between the anterior and posterior segments is COMPLETELY CLOSED due to the lens being pressed against the iris --- displacement of the iris against the corna aq humor can't flow from the posterior and into the anterior chamber this causes a buildup of aq humor in posterior chamber, causing pressure and pain in the posterior segment, extending to the retina and optic nerve

Question 45

what causes the complete blockage of flow from posterior to anterior chambers being completely closed

Answer 45

displacement of the iris against the cornea. flow is blocked

Question 46

explain the effects of increased intraocular pressure in the eye

Answer 46

cupped excavation of optic nerve head -- also retina will physicall change shape cornea or sclera bulges at weak point, affecting vision and focus optic nerve atrophy -- loss of axons and glial cells (gliosis) plial septa thickens vision declines with the loss of neurons

Question 47

what is the result of loss of axons and gliosis that occurs as a result of increased IOP?

Answer 47

can't transmit action potentials scar on optic nerve is formed

Question 48

what are the 2 structures in the eye most crucial for taking in light, and damage to them can lead to permanent blindness, as seen in glaucoma

Answer 48

retina and optic nerve

Question 49

true or false closed angle glaucoma is usually associated with more rapid vision loss and pain, as compared to wide angle

Answer 49

true

Question 50

explain the cause of neuron loss and loss of sight in glaucoma

Answer 50

bc of damage to the nerves at the head of the optic nerve, the retina degenerated -- specifically the ganglionic and nerve layers this impairs vision

Question 51

name the receptors in the retina

Answer 51

rods and cones