Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Respiratory System > Pathophysiologies Of The Lung > Flashcards

Pathophysiologies Of The Lung Flashcards

(47 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Why does Type 1 respiratory failure happen?

A

Due to V/Q mismatching
- lung / vascular disease
- fall in oxygen, normal / low carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why does Type 2 respiratory failure happen?

A
  • dependent on only ventilation
  • depends on tidal volume of air
  • respiratory rate
  • resistance of airways
  • compliance of lungs
  • fall in oxygen, high levels of carbon dioxide
  • decreased ventilation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Summary of Type 1 respiratory failure:

A
  • partial pressure of oxygen < 60mmHg
  • hypoxaemia, normal / low carbon dioxide

V/Q mismatch:
Underventilated alveoli = pulmonary oedema, pneumonia
Venous blood bypasses the ventilated alveoli = right to left cardiac shunts

  • hyperventilation increases carbon dioxide removal
  • does not increase oxygenation
  • as blood leaving the unaffected alveoli is fully saturated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Causes of type 1 respiratory failure:

A
  • pneumonia
  • pulmonary oedema
  • pulmonary fibrosis
  • asthma
  • pneumothorax
  • pulmonary embolism
  • pulmonary hypertension
  • bronchiectasis
  • ards
  • obesity
  • copd
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Summary of type 2 respiratory failure:

A
  • partial pressure of carbon dioxide > 50mmHg
  • not enough ventilation in alveoli
  • too much carbon dioxide in the blood = hypercapnia
  • hypoxemia & hypercapnia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes of type 2 respiratory failure:

A
  • copd
  • reduced ventilation = sedative overdose
  • reduced neuromuscular power = myopathy
  • resetting of chemoreceptors that drive ventilation in chronic lung disease = copd
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Clinical investigations for type 1/2 respiratory failure:

A
  • good history
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Clinical examinations:

A
  • breathlessness
  • wheeze
  • cough
  • sputum
  • chest pain
  • if haemoptysis = further investigation = cancer, bronchitis, tuberculosis
  • then a chest x-ray happens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do pulmonary function tests do?

A
  • central to diagnosis
  • allow quantification and severity to be diagnosed, monitoring of disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Total volume contained in the lung - the subdivisions, they do not:

A
  • overlap
  • cannot be fully divided
  • when they are added together, they equal the total lung capacity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tidal volume

A

The volume of air moved during normal quiet breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

The volume of air that can be forcefully inspired following a normal quiet inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

The volume of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal / resting expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Residual volume

A

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forceful expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vital capacity

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly blown out after full inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

The amount of air that the lungs will hold after a normal expiration
= inspiratory reserve + tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal quiet expiration
= expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is FEV1?

A

The volume exhaled during the first second of a forced expiratory manouvere, starting from the level of total lung capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is FVC?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • forced vital capacity
  • starts with full inspiration
  • the patient blows out very fast & hard until the lungs are completely empty
20
Q

What are FEV1 & FVC used for?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • assessing airway obstruction / restriction
  • standard index for assessing and quantifying airflow limitation
21
Q

%FEV1 / FVC =

Study These Flashcards
A

80% normally
Decrease = obstruction

22
Q

What is an obstructive disease? (Summary)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • increase in resistance
  • normal breathing = pressure and volume is like a normal lung
  • rapid breathing = greater pressure is needed to overcome the resistance to flow, as the volume of each breath is smaller
  • at the end of a full exhalation = abnormally high amount of air lingers in the lungs, which is air trapping
  • as they have to increase their effort to breath, this over-distends the lungs
23
Q

What are some obstructive diseases?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • asthma
  • copd
  • bronchitis
  • emphysema
  • cystic fibrosis
24
Q

Relationship with lung data & obstructive disease:

Study These Flashcards
A
  • FEV1 = reduced = increased airway resistance to expiratory flow
  • FVC = reduced, but not as much
  • lower FEV1/FVC ratio = <80%
25
Summary of restrictive disease:
- lung compliance is reduced = increases stiffness of the lung & limits expansion - greater pressure than normal is required to give the same increase in volume of the lungs
26
Examples of restrictive disease / causes:
- pulmonary fibrosis - pneumonia - pulmonary oedema - sarcoidosis
27
Relationship of lung function data and restrictive disease:
- FEV1 & FVC are reduced proportionally - normal / increased FEV1/FC ratio
28
What is the difference between obstructive and restrictive lung disease?
Obstructive: - makes it harder to breathe during exercise - as the rate of breathing increases, there is less time to breathe the air out before the next inhalation Restrictive: - cannot fully fill the lungs with air - lungs are restricted from fully expanding
29
Asthma - what is it?
- airway inflammation - increased airway unresponsiveness - results in airway obstruction
30
Symptoms of asthma:
- wheeze - cough - shortness of breath - variable & reversible
31
Well controlled asthmatics are:
- asymptomatic - normal lung function
32
What happens during an asthma attack?
- bronchospasm - mucus plugging - oedema in peripheral airways - increased airway resistance & obstruction - lung hyperventilation - V/Q mismatch - increased in ventilation due to hypoxemia
33
Why does respiratory alkalosis occur?
- hyperventilation - obstructed lungs being less numerous than unobstructed - carbon dioxide removal via the fast compartment - as the attack progresses, there is an increase in obstruction - decrease ability for carbon dioxide removal - raised levels of carbon dioxide
34
Life threatening asthma attack summary:
- doesn’t respond to the use of bronchodilators - associated with symptoms of potential respiratory failure = status asthmaticus
35
Symptoms of asthma attack - life threatening:
- persistent shortness of breath - inability to speak full sentences - increased respiration and pulse rate - normal or raised partial pressure of carbon dioxide - severe hypoxia - oxygen saturation under 92% - low blood pH
36
Emphysema:
- heart has to pump more blood - strains the heart - causes heart failure
37
What can sedentary lifestyle lead to?
- obesity - type 2 diabetes
38
COPD summary:
- breathing problems get worse over time as the surface area for gas exchange in the lungs decreases 1. Increased resistance to airflow caused by airway narrowing 2. Airway inflammation, thickening of airway wall 3. Accumulation of mucous secretions obstructs the airway lumen 4. Destruction of alveoli = loss of elastic recoil, no outwards traction, they collapse when expiration occurs
39
Symptoms & progression of COPD:
- at first, only symptom = smokers cough Progresses to = cough with sputum, wheeze, breathlessness, more chest infections, infections increase in severity & duration - until a cough is constantly present - increased breathlessness on exertion - affects daily aspects of life - end stage = bed bound, oxygen for several hours a day
40
Classification of severity of COPD:
- post-bronchodilator spirometery - mild - moderate - severe - very severe
41
Mild
> 80%
42
Moderate
50-79%
43
Severe
30-49%
44
Very severe
<30% of predicted FEV1 percentage of mean predicted value
45
What is elevated in COPD?
- total lung capacity - residual volume = hyperinflation & air trapping
46
Pulmonary embolism summary:
- blood clot forms in the femoral vein, breaks free, travels to heart - embolus travels through the heart and blocks a blood vessel in the lung - loss of capillary flow = shuts down all alveoli - limits the ability of lungs to give oxygen to the blood - results in = large V/Q ratio due to dead space
47
Signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism:
- chest pain & breathlessness - reduced PAO2 & PACO2 = hypoxia = respiratory alkalosis - pleural bloody effusion - hypoperfusion on a chest x-ray - positive pulmonary angiogram = gold standard - tachycardia = only way to tell

Respiratory System (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions