Pathophysiology

Question 1

What is the musculoskeletal system made up of?

Answer 1

Bones
Muscles
Cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints and other connective tissues

Question 2

The skeletal portion of the MSK system serves as main storage system for ____ and _______.

Answer 2

Calcium
Phosphorus

Question 3

Why is the storage system important in the body?

Answer 3

Help regulate mineral balance in the bloodstream

Question 4

Other than storage function, what does the skeleton do?

Answer 4

Contains critical components of the hematopoietic (blood production) system.

Question 5

What is located in long bones?

Answer 5

Bone marrow

Question 6

What is the distinctions of bone marrow?

Answer 6

Yellow and red

Question 7

Where is the yellow marrow found, and what does it contain?

Answer 7

Found in marrow cavity
Contains fatty connective tissue

Question 8

Function of yellow marrow

Answer 8

In times of starvation, body uses fat in yellow marrow for energy

Question 9

Function of red marrow

Answer 9

Important site for hematopoeisis or blood cell production that replaces cells that have been destroyed by the liver. Here, all erythrocytes, platelets, and most leukocytes form in bone marrow from where they migrate into circulation.

Question 10

Muscles keep ____ in place.

Answer 10

Bones

Question 11

What causes muscles to contract?

Answer 11

Muscles are innervated - the nerves conduct electrical currents from CNS

Question 12

Tendon connects ____ to ______.

Answer 12

Muscle to bone

Question 13

What is a tendon?

Answer 13

Tough, flexible band made of fibrous connective tissue

Question 14

What are joints?

Answer 14

Bone articulations allowing movement

Question 15

What is a ligament?

Answer 15

Dense, white band of fibrous elastic tissue

Question 16

Ligaments connect ______ to form ________.

Answer 16

Ligaments connect the ends of bones together to form a joint.

Question 17

Function of ligaments

Answer 17

Limit joint dislocation and restrict improper hyperextension and hyeprflexion.

Question 18

What are bursae made up of?

Answer 18

Fibrous tissue

Question 19

Function of bursae

Answer 19

Provide cushions between bones and tendons

Question 20

How many bones were we born with?

Answer 20

300 soft bones

Question 21

How many bones do an adult have?

Answer 21

206

Question 22

Major functions of bones (four)

Answer 22

1. Provide structural support for the body
2. Provide protection of vital organs
3. Provide an environment for marrow (where blood cells are produced)
4. Act as a storage area for minerals (such as calcium)

Question 23

Osteoblasts are derived from?

Answer 23

Mesenchymal stem cells

Question 24

Function of osteoblasts

Answer 24

Responsible for bone matrix synthesis and its subsequent mineralisation

Question 25

What are osteocytes?

Answer 25

Osteoblasts that become incorporated within the newly formed osteoid, which eventually becomes calcified bone.

Question 26

Osteocytes situated _______ maintain contact with __________ in ________, and with ________ and ________ on the bone surfaces

Answer 26

Deep in bone matrix Newly incorporated osteocytes in osteoid Osteoblasts and bone lining cells

Question 27

What is a canaliculi?

Answer 27

Small canals running through the bone solid matrix, hosting osteocyte's dendrites, and saturated by an interstitial fluid rich in ions

Question 28

Function of canaliculi

Answer 28

Ideally situated to respond to changes in physical forces upon bone and to transduce messages to cells on the bone surface, directing them to initiate formation or resorption responses

Question 29

Osteoclasts are derived from?

Answer 29

Hematopoietic lineage

Question 30

What is osteoclasts?

Answer 30

Large multinucleate cells, like macrophages

Question 31

Function of osteoclasts

Answer 31

Resorption of mineralized tissue

Question 32

Where are osteoclasts found?

Answer 32

Attached to the bone surface at sites of active bone resorption

Question 33

How do glucocorticoids affect osteoblasts?

Answer 33

Induces decrease in osteoblast differentiation and increase apoptosis of osteoblasts

Question 34

How do glucocorticoids affect osteocytes?

Answer 34

Induce increase in osteocytes