Pathophysiology Flashcards
(23 cards)
Cirrhosis
scar tissue in the liver due to alcoholism
Hypertrophy
Increasing the cell size without replication
Hyperplasia
Increasing the cell number (mitosis)
Dysplasia
Abnormal growth or disordered growth of cells in a tissue
Necrosis
Pathological cell death
Idiopathic disease
Unknown cause of disease
Iatrogenic disease
Medically induced disease
What is Aetiology
The cause / causes of disease
- Diet / lifestyle
- Environmental factors / occupational exposure
- Genetic factors
- Age / lifestyle risks
Why does disease occur
Is the result from a failure to return to normal or compensate
What characterises disease
- Aetiology (cause of disease)
- Pathogenesis (development of disease)
- Pathological and clinical manifestations (presentation)
- Complications and squelae (the end)
What is a pathogen
An organism that can cause harm
What is an antigen ?
Foreign agents that can accumulate within the body.
- smoke
- pollen
What are the two immune system responses?
INNATE IMMUNITY : non-specific attempt to throw out the invaders
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY : organised counter attack
What are the results of Adaptive immunity, and how does this occur?
Immunodeficiency
Autoimmunity
Hypersensitivity
Triggered by an antigen presentation either;
- T cells can kill viruses and final infections
- B cells can kill bacterial infective agents
What are the effects on immunodeficiency? (5)
- Respiratory tract infection
- Skin sepsis
- Gut infections
- Meningitis
- Arthritis
Do the primary effects of immunodeficiency kill our patients? Explain
No, its the secondary effects that ultimately kill the patient as they have a reduced amount of antibodies leading to reduced production and increased catabolism. ie if a patient is immune compromised then the body cannot fight off infectious agents therefore are at a higher risk of infection.
Explain the process in which a person becomes allergic to a substance
First exposure : At first exposure the patient has null signs or symptoms of an allergic reaction because the body has not
Explain the two phases of acute inflammation :
Vascular Phase : which identifies the effects within the blood vessels
- increased blood flow
- increased vascular permeability
Which all leads to swelling, redness and irritation, heat, pain and impaired function.
Cellular phase :
- recruitment if inflammatory cells (leukocytes to the site of injury
- transmigration of inflammatory cells
Causes the killing if invading bacteria, removal of dead tissue cells
Explain what histamine does within the body.
Histamine is a preformed mediator released from mast cells within an allergic reaction.
Within acute inflammation it causes; vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and cell recruitment.
Hypersensitivity due to asthma can cause constriction and proliferation of the airway smooth muscles and increased mucous secretions.
Sensory signalling : transmission of itch response
Prostaglandins effect within the body associated with an inflammatory response
Hypothalamic temperature response.
Prostaglandin acts on the hypothalamus to increase the temperature homeostatic bench a mark.
The hypothalamus stimulates thermogenesis to increase heat production via metabolic processes
Leukotrienes, what are they and what effect do they have within the body?
Leukotrienes are a product from mast cells which lead to airway hyper-responsiveness, increased vascular permeability, increased mucous secretion and increased infiltration of other inflammatory cells.
Within the clinical manifestations of inflammation what are the local tissue and the systemic effects ?
Local Tissue :
- swelling
- pain
- heat
- redness
- smooth muscle contraction (bronchi constriction, cramping)
Systemic :
- Fever
- Loss of vascular tone (decreased BP)
- loss of intravascular volume (decrease in BP)
What part of the brain does the ROSIER not assess and how can we assess this to indicate a stroke ?
The ROSIER does not assess the cerebellum which is controlling fine motor skills and proprioception therefore to test for this have the patient touch their nose then your finger.
If patient cannot complete this task this may indicate a posterior stroke
