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WGU D236 Pathophysiology > Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe how your body responds to an infection

A

T cells produce cytokines, which stimulate B cells, which produce antibodies.

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2
Q

Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities

A

Mutations
in genes or chromosomal abnormalities

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3
Q

How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities?

A

Alterations of DNA

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4
Q

Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing

A

Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias.

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5
Q

Explain Renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS)

A
  1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin
  2. produce angiotensin I
  3. converts to angiotensin II
  4. causes vasoconstriction
  5. release aldosterone
  6. kidneys conserve sodium and water
  7. Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure maintained.
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6
Q

DKA

A

increased anion gap, decreased HC03

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7
Q

How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis

A

retain H+ and excrete HC03

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8
Q

Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte?

A

Potassium

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9
Q

West Nile Virus

A

Bite from an infected mosquito.
S/S Severe; high fever, headache and stiff neck

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10
Q

Lyme disease

A

Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia
burgdorferi.

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11
Q

Erythema infectiosum

A

Caused by Parvovirus, a febrile upper respiratory illness in a child followed by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks, “fifth disease”

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12
Q

Obesity and diabetes are risk factors for having a child with

A

Spina
bifida

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13
Q

Trousseau’s sign

A

arm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia

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14
Q

Cause and sign of spina bifida

A

folic acid deficiency, which prevents the neural tube from closing. Has fluid filled sac on lower back

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15
Q

hemophilia is more common in males or females

A

Males

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16
Q

Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes

A

Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure, decreased brain function, FAS

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17
Q

Connective vs muscle tissue disorders

A

Connective- RA, Scleroderma, Lupus
Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravis

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18
Q

Describe Lupus

A

Multisystem autoimmune disease that have antinuclear antibodies. Inflammatory disorder characterized by joint pain, butterfly rash, damage to kidney, lungs & serous membranes

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19
Q

Describe Myasthenia Gravis

A

It is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack own Ach receptors. Cardinal sign fluctuating muscle weakness. Pt exhibits ptosis, double vision, and difficulty swallowing.

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20
Q

dermatitis

A

inflammation of the skin

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21
Q

eczema

A

noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching

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22
Q

decubitus ulcer

A

sore caused by lying down for long periods of time

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23
Q

Fungal infections

A

superficial, localized skin conditions or deep tissue infections caused by exposure to spores. Affected by pt w/ weakened immune systems and prolonged antibiotic therapy

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24
Q

benign neoplasm

A

noncancerous growths, stationary, distinct borders

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25
Q

malignant neoplasm

A

uncontrolled new tissue growth, irregular borders, spreads

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26
Q

Osteoporosis

A

The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured.

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27
Q

osteomalacia

A

disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency

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28
Q

myoglobin

A

red pigment that stores oxygen in muscle cells

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29
Q

Bursa

A

fluid-filled, saclike structures between skin and bone or between tendons, ligaments, and bone. They act as cushions to lubricate and decrease friction

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30
Q

Rickets

A

a vitamin D deficiency in children, resulting in soft bones

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31
Q

Degenerative disk disease

A

A condition in which an intervertebral disk loses its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or
repeated injuries or aging

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32
Q

Paget disease

A

interferes with your body’s normal recycling process, in which new bone tissue gradually replaces old bone tissue. Over time, bones can become fragile and misshapen. The pelvis, skull, spine and legs are most commonly affected.

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33
Q

comminuted fracture

A

refers to a bone that is broken in at least two places. Comminuted fractures are caused by severe traumas

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34
Q

Three types of skin cancer

A
  1. Basal cell carcinoma
  2. Squamous cell carcinoma
  3. Melanoma
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35
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules. Rarely metastasize, most common on face due to sun exposure

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36
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red crusted papules or firm nodules

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37
Q

Melanoma

A

The most serious form of skin cancer, caucasian males at highest risk, usually black or brown lesion

38
Q

types of burns

A

Superficial (1st degree) - red/painful
Partial-thickness (2nd degree) -wet, pink, painful
Full-thickness (3rd degree) -white, swollen, no pain

39
Q

Vitiligo

A

localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk white patches

40
Q

ischemic CVA vs hemorrhagic CVA

A

ischemic - clot vs hemorrhagic - blood

41
Q

subdural hematoma

A

collection of blood under the dura mater

42
Q

Alzheimer’s disease vs Parkinson’s disease

A

Alz - affects language and memory
Park - affects all executive functioning

43
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells caused by a autosomal dominant allele. Symptoms do not appear until about the age of 30. involves involuntary muscle movement

44
Q

Sclerosis

A

abnormal condition of hardening

45
Q

disorders that cause vision loss

A

glaucoma - loss of peripheral vision, cataracts - cloudy vision,
retinal detachment - floaters, flashes, curtain vision

46
Q

kyphosis

A

excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.

47
Q

disorders that cause hearing loss

A

Meniere’s disease - changes in fluid in tube of inner ear (imbalance and vertigo)
Otitis media - middle ear infection

48
Q

Predisposing factors of ischemic stroke

A

a fib
carotid stenosis,
cerebral arteriosclerosis

49
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

A chronic systemic disease characterized by Inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities. Causes elevated WBC counts.

50
Q

cerebral contusion

A

the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull; S/S ringing in ears, severe headache, N/V

51
Q

TIA vs CVA

A

TIA = result when a cerebral artery is temp blocked and decreases blood flow to brain
Stroke= artery completely blocked leading to death of brain and permanent loss of certain functions

52
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

A chronic, irreversible disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech

53
Q

aneurysm

A

ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

54
Q

thrombus vs embolus

A

Thrombus= clot in arteries
embolus = dislodged traveling clot in arteries, blocks blood flow

55
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to buildup of cholesterol plaques
1. endothelial injury
2. foam cell formation
3. fatty streak formation

56
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle

57
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack)

58
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

59
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium (sack surrounding heart)

60
Q

benign vs malignant hypertension

A

benign - “essential hypertension”, chronic vascular damage due to sodium retention.
malignant - acute vascular damage due to renin release

61
Q

communicable disease

A

A disease that can be spread from one person or species to another.

62
Q

infectious disease

A

A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another.

63
Q

myocardial infarction causes damage to

A

arteries of brain, retina, heart, kidneys.

64
Q

what is expected in right sided heart failure

A

JVD

65
Q

what characterizes hypertensive crisis

A

systolic BP > 180

66
Q

types of anemia

A
  • Aplastic (decreased or missing RBC production)
  • Folic Acid Deficiency
  • Hemolytic (breakdown of RBCs faster than produced)
  • Iron Deficiency
  • Sickle Cell (RBCs die too early, shortage of RBCs)
  • Vitamin B-12 Deficiency/Pernicious
67
Q

Where does cancer originate from in leukemia?

A

bone marrow

68
Q

CD4 cells

A

Helper T cells that mature in thymus that activate B cells to create immunity

69
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells

70
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

abnormal increase in lymphocytes, asymptomatic

71
Q

Stable angina

A

predictable and consistent pain that occurs on exertion and is relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin

72
Q

Upper respiratory tract infection

A

common cold, laryngitis, croup, pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, and tonsillitis

73
Q

lower respiratory tract infection

A

pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis

74
Q

conditions that lead to COPD

A

smoking, asthma, dust, chemicals, genetics

75
Q

pneumonia

A

an inflammation in the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals. Hear crackles and rhonchi.

76
Q

Asthma

A

treatment resistant bronchospasm, same category of COPD

77
Q

pneumothorax

A

air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the
lung or chest wall

78
Q

cor pulmonale

A

right-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung disease

79
Q

Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis

A

Carbon dust, seen in coal miners. Massive exposure leads to diffuse fibrosis ‘black lung’

80
Q

common characteristics of chronic digestive system disorders

A

Celiac, Crohn’s Disease, Colitis … ) Abdominal pain, weight loss, changes in urination/bowel movements, bleeding, diarrhea, n/v ….

81
Q

common characteristics of acute digestive system disorders

A

(GERD, IBS, Hiatal hernia, etc) Abd pain, bleeding, bloating, diarrhea, heartburn, n/v

82
Q

pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney; caused by bacterial infection ( commonly E. Coli)

83
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys from injury or illness

84
Q

renal calculi (kidney stones)

A

Minerals in urine crystallize. Most can pass, but some become too big and obstruct a ureter

85
Q

renal cell carcinoma

A

cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; flank pain, hematuria, abd lump

86
Q

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

A

any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo
dialysis or kidney transplant for survival. Symptoms: n/v, fatigue, change in urination, chest pain, HTN, cola colored urine

87
Q

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)

A

method used to replace normal kidney function by circulating the patient’s blood through a hemofilter and returning it to the patient. benefit over other dialysis - happens 24 hrs/ day> slower shift in electrolytes

88
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers - autoimmune and inflammatory bowel diseases

89
Q

Diverticulitis

A

inflammation of a diverticulum, especially in the colon, causing pain and disturbance of bowel function. Relieved by bowel movement, advise against enema and colonoscopy.

90
Q

organ targeted by virus that causes hep c

A

liver

91
Q

Hepatitis A,B,C,D,E spreads

A

A and E - fecal/oral
BCD - blood, bodily fluids

92
Q

Cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gall bladder; usually associated with gallstones (RUQ pain radiates to back)

WGU D236 Pathophysiology (1 decks)

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