Pathophysiology I

Question 1

The thick, viscous fluid that fills and gives shape to a cell.

Answer 1

1. Cytoplasm;

Question 2

Inherited traits are determined by molecules of ___.

Answer 2

1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA);

Question 3

An offspring receives _(number)_ chromosomes from the mother and _(number)_ from the father.

Answer 3

1. 23;
2. 23;

Question 5

Which organs are both endocrine and exocrine?

Answer 5

1. Pancreas;
2. Liver;

Question 6

___ glands release _(chemical substances)_ directly into the bloodstream or tissues of the body. ___ glands release chemical substances (e.g. ___) through ___ to outside the body or onto another surface within the body.

Answer 6

1. Endocrine;
2. Hormones;
3. Exocrine;
4. Enzymes;
5. Ducts;

Question 7

A group of plasma proteins whose function is to do one of three things: attract leukocytes to sites of inflammation, activate leukocytes, and directly destroy cells.

Answer 7

1. Complement system;

-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 8

A condition in which antigen-antibody complexes formed in the bloodstream deposit in sites around the body, most notably the kidneys, with resultant inflammatory reactions.

Answer 8

1. Serum sickness;

-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 9

The hormones that are secreted through ducts into an organ or onto epithelial surfaces.

Answer 9

1. Exocrine hormones;

-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 10

A protein found on the red blood cells of most people; when a woman without this protein is impregnated by a man with this protein, the woman’s body can create antibodies against the protein and attack future pregnancies.

Answer 10

1. Rh factor;

-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 11

Occurs when a patient reacts with exaggerated or inappropriate allergic symptoms after coming into contact with a substance the body perceives as harmful.

Answer 11

1. Hypersensitivity;

-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 12

The medical term for having an allergic tendency.

Answer 12

1. Atopic;

-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 13

Secreted by the posterior pituitary lobe of the pituitary gland, this hormone constricts blood vessels and raises the blood pressure, and also is responsible for adjustments to the final composition of urine by causing ducts in the kidney to become more permeable to water; also called vasopressin.

Answer 13

1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH);

-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 14

The system that forms blood clots in the body and facilitates repairs to the vascular tree.

Answer 14

1. Coagulation system;

-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 15

A specialized area in tissue that initiates certain actions after specific stimulation.

Answer 15

1. Receptor;

-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 16

The impairment of diastolic filling of the right ventricle due to significant amounts of fluid in the pericardial Sac surrounding the heart, leading to a decrease in the cardiac output.

Answer 16

1. Pericardial tamponade;

-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 17

An increased level of phosphate in the blood.

Answer 17

1. Hyperphosphatemia;

-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 18

Negative feedback resulting in the decrease of an action in the body.

Answer 18

1. Feedback inhibition;

-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 19

A major part of the neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress. It is the mechanism for a set of interactions among glands, hormones, and parts of the midbrain that mediate the general adaptation syndrome.

Answer 19

1. Hypothalami pituitary adrenal axis;

-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 20

A solution that has a greater concentration of sodium than does the cell; the increased osmotic pressure can draw water out of the cell and cause it to collapse.

Answer 20

1. Hypertonic solution;

-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 21

An increase in the actual number of cells in an organ or tissue, usually resulting in an increase in the size of the organ or tissue.

Answer 21

1. Hyperplasia;

-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 22

Any molecules that bind to a receptor to form a more complex structure.

Answer 22

1. Ligands;

-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 23

The lymphoid tissue associated with the skin and the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive traits as well as the tonsils.

Answer 23

1. Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue;

-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 24

The process in which one cell “eats” or engulfs a foreign substance to destroy it.

Answer 24

1. Phagocytosis;

-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 25

A type of receptor that is associated with the sympathetic nerves and that is stimulated by epinephrine and norepinephrine; activation causes a sympathetic response.

Answer 25

1. Adrenergic receptor; ## Footnote -Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.

Question 26

A condition caused by loss of 40% or more of the functioning myocardium; the heart is no longer able to circulate sufficient blood to maintain adequate oxygen delivery.

Answer 26

1. Cardiogenic shock; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 27

An inflammation of the blood vessels.

Answer 27

1. Vasculitis; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 28

A low level of calcium in the blood.

Answer 28

1. Hypocalcemia; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 29

An increase in the size of the cells due to synthesis of more subcellular components, leading to an increase in tissue and organ size.

Answer 29

1. Hypertrophy; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 30

An elevated blood cholesterol level.

Answer 30

1. Hypercholesterolemia; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 31

Arachidonic acid metabolites that function as chemical mediators of inflammation; also known as slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis.

Answer 31

1. Leukotrienes; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 32

A pathologic condition in which there is a low pH, an elevated PCO₂ level, and low bicarbonate level, and which occurs when there is both a respiratory and metabolic cause present at the same time.

Answer 32

1. Mixed acidosis; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 33

The immune process in which antibodies recognize foreign antigens and stimulate an attack on the foreign body; uses antibodies made by B-cell lymphocytes.

Answer 33

1. Humoral immunity; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 34

Specific types of epithelial cells that line the blood vessels.

Answer 34

1. Endothelial cells; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 35

All of the nerves of the body extending from the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 35

1. Peripheral nerves; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 36

A disease characterized by increased destruction of the red blood cells. It can occur from an Rh factor reaction (primarily in Rh-positive neonates born to sensitized Rh- negative mothers), exposure to chemicals, or a disorder of the immune system.

Answer 36

1. Hemolytic anemia; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 37

The formation of antibodies or T cells that are directed against antigens or another person's cells.

Answer 37

1. Isoimmunity; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 38

A condition that occurs when the circulating blood volume is inadequate to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to the body.

Answer 38

1. Hypovolemic shock; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 39

Frequent and plentiful urination.

Answer 39

1. Polyuria; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 40

A reaction of bacteria to a Gram stain in which the bacteria retain the dark purple stain; this type of bacteria has thick cell walls composed of many layers.

Answer 40

1. Gram-positive; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 41

A chronic inflammatory lower airway condition resulting in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production.

Answer 41

1. Asthma; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 42

Antibodies directed against the person's own proteins.

Answer 42

1. Autoantibodies; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 43

Normal, genetically programmed cell death.

Answer 43

1. Apoptosis; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 44

A severe hypersensitivity reaction that involves bronchoconstriction and cardiovascular collapse.

Answer 44

1. Anaphylactic shock; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 45

The metabolic acidotic state that manifests because of the inadequate nutritional habits associated with chronic alcohol abuse. The liver and body experience inadequate fuel reserves of glycogen and, thus, have to switch to fatty acid metabolism.

Answer 45

1. Alcoholic ketoacidosis; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 46

An unhealthy accumulation of body fat, defined as a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kilograms per meter squared.

Answer 46

1. Overweight; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 47

Elevation of the white blood cell count, often due to inflammation.

Answer 47

1. Leukocytosis; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 48

A type of shock caused by central pump failure, including cardiogenic shock and obstructive shock.

Answer 48

1. Central shock; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 49

A reversible, cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type.

Answer 49

1. Metaplasia; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 50

An abnormal condition in which some part of the body's immune system is inadequate, and, consequently, resistance to infectious disease is decreased.

Answer 50

1. Immunodeficiency; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 51

Chemicals or proteins that travel to the brain and affect the hypothalamus and stimulate a rise in the body's core temperature.

Answer 51

1. Pyrogens; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 52

A hypersensitivity reaction to the presence of an agent (allergen) that is intrinsically harmless.

Answer 52

1. Allergy; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 53

Substances such as histamine and serotonin that increase vascular permeability.

Answer 53

1. Vasoactive amines; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 54

A pattern of inheritance that involves genes that are located on autosomes or the nonsex chromosomes. Inheritance of only one copy of a particular form of a gene is needed to show the trait.

Answer 54

1. Autosomal dominant; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 55

The immune process by which T-cell lymphocytes and macrophages attack and Destroy pathogens or foreign substances; the process involves recognizing antigens, then secreting cytokines (specifically lymphokines) that attract other cells or stimulate the production of cytotoxic cells that kill the infected cells.

Answer 55

1. Cell-mediated immunity; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 56

The process by which an antibody coats an antigen to facilitate its recognition by immune cells.

Answer 56

1. Opsonization; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 57

The number of cases of a disease in a specific population within a given period.

Answer 57

1. Prevalence; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 58

The concept that once the desired effect of a process has been achieved, further action is inhibited until it is needed again; also called a feedback inhibition.

Answer 58

1. Negative feedback; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 59

A bleeding disorder that is primarily hereditary, in which clotting does not occur or occurs insufficiently.

Answer 59

1. Hemophilia; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 60

The cells released during a type IV allergic reaction that kill antigen-bearing target cells.

Answer 60

1. T killer cells; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 61

The process by which cells communicate with one another.

Answer 61

1. Cell signaling; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 62

A decrease in cell size due to a loss of subcellular components; wasting away of a tissue.

Answer 62

1. Atrophy; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 63

The immunity the body develops as part of being exposed to an antigen and developing antibodies - for example, exposure to measles, having the measles, and developing immunity to the measels.

Answer 63

1. Natural immunity; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 64

The production of antibodies or T cells that work against the tissues of a person's own body, producing autoimmune disease or a hypersensitivity reaction.

Answer 64

1. Autoimmunity; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 65

A grave but sometimes reversible condition in an acutely ill patient characterized by the progressive dysfunction of two or more organs or organ systems not affected by the patient's initial illness or injury.

Answer 65

1. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS); ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 66

A condition that occurs when the level of tissue perfusion decreases below that needed to maintain normal cellular functions; also called shock.

Answer 66

1. Hypoperfusion; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 67

Any molecule that can accept a hydrogen ion (OH^-), and therefore decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a water solution.

Answer 67

1. Base; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 68

The cells that engulf and consume foreign material such as microorganisms and debris.

Answer 68

1. Phagocytes; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 69

The body system that includes all of the structures and processes designed to mount a defense against foreign substances and disease-causing agents.

Answer 69

1. Immune system; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 70

An elevated blood calcium level.

Answer 70

1. Hypercalcemia; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 71

The body's defense reaction to any substance that is recognized as foreign.

Answer 71

1. Immune response; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 72

A test done on the fingernails or toenails by briefly squeezing the toenail or fingernail and evaluating the time it takes for the color to return.

Answer 72

1. Capillary refill time; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 73

A pathologic condition resulting from the accumulation of bases in the body (blood pH greater than 7.45).

Answer 73

1. Alkalosis; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 74

The immunity that occurs when the body is exposed to a foreign substance or disease and produces antibodies to the invading antigen.

Answer 74

1. Acquired immunity; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 75

A vasoactive amine that increases vascular permeability to cause vasodilation.

Answer 75

1. Serotonin; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 76

The attachment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to endothelial cells, mediated by selectins and integrins.

Answer 76

1. Adhesion; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 77

The type of white blood cells formed by bone marrow tissue that have a nucleus consisting of several parts or lobes connected by fine strands.

Answer 77

1. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs); ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 78

The lymphoid tissue that lies under the inner lining of the esophagus and intestines.

Answer 78

1. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 79

Antibodies secreted by the B cells.

Answer 79

1. Immunoglobulins; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 80

A serum sodium level greater than 145 milliequivalents per liter.

Answer 80

1. Hypernatremia; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 81

Cytokines released by lymphocytes, including many of the interleukins, gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor beta, and chemokines.

Answer 81

1. Lymphokines; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 82

An acidotic state created by the production of ketones via fat metabolism.

Answer 82

1. Ketoacidosis; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 83

A reaction of bacteria to a Gram stain in which the bacteria do not retain the dark purple stain; this type of bacteria have cell walls that consist largely of lipids, and have pathogenic qualities that make them especially problematic for humans.

Answer 83

1. Gram-negative; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 84

A term that describes shock caused by peripheral circulatory abnormalities; includes hypovolemic shock and distributive shock.

Answer 84

1. Peripheral shock; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 85

A hormone that acts on the cell from which it has been secreted.

Answer 85

1. Autocrine hormone; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 86

The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease.

Answer 86

1. Pathophysiology; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 87

A decreased serum magnesium level.

Answer 87

1. Hypomagnesemia; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 88

A nucleic acid associated with controlling cellular activities.

Answer 88

1. Ribonucleic acid (RNA); ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 89

Multiple small, raised areas on the skin that maybe one of the warning signs of impending anaphylaxis; also known as hives.

Answer 89

1. Urticaria; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 90

An excessively unhealthy accumulation of body fat, defined as a body mass index of greater than or equal to 40 kilograms per meter squared.

Answer 90

1. Morbid obesity; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 91

The ability of an organism to invade and create disease in a host; also refers to the ability of an organism to survive outside the living host.

Answer 91

1. Virulence; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 92

Chemical substances that attract white blood cells to the sites of injury and bacterial invasion.

Answer 92

1. Interleukins; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 93

Anaerobic cellular respiration due to hypoperfusion of tissues and organs.

Answer 93

1. Lactic acidosis; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 94

White blood cells.

Answer 94

1. Leukocytes; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 95

The dilation of arterioles after transient arteriolar constriction, which allows influx of blood under increased pressure.

Answer 95

1. Active hyperemia; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 96

A serum sodium level that is less than 135 milliequivalents per liter.

Answer 96

1. Hyponatremia; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 97

Mediators of inflammation trigger the appearance of molecules known as selectins and integrins on the surfaces of endothelial cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils, respectively.

Answer 97

1. Activation; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 98

An alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells.

Answer 98

1. Dysplasia; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 99

An inherited disease in which the body absorbs more iron than it needs and stores it in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas.

Answer 99

1. Hemochromatosis; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 100

The metabolic center or powerhouse of the cell; small and rod-shaped organelles.

Answer 100

1. Mitochondria; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 101

The type of shock that occurs when there is widespread dilation of the resistance vessels (small arterioles), the capacitance vessels (small venules), or both.

Answer 101

1. Distrubutive shock; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 102

A pattern of inheritance that involves genes located on autosomes or the nonsex chromosomes. Inheritance of two copies of a particular form of a gene is needed to show the trait.

Answer 102

1. Autosomal recessive; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 103

Components of the activated complement system that attract leukocytes from the circulation to help fight infections.

Answer 103

1. Chemotaxins; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 104

A pathologic condition in which there is an elevated pH, a low PCO₂ level, and an elevated bicarbonate level, which occurs when there is both a respiratory and metabolic cause present at the same time.

Answer 104

1. Mixed alkalosis; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 105

Urine output of less than 500 mL per day.

Answer 105

1. Oliguria; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 106

The growth of new blood vessels.

Answer 106

1. Angiogenesis; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 107

An unhealthy accumulation of body fat, defined as a body mass index of greater than or equal to 30 kg per meter squared.

Answer 107

1. Obesity; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 108

A reaction by tissues of the body to irritation or injury, characterized by pain, swelling, redness, and heat.

Answer 108

1. Inflammatory response; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 109

The tension exerted on a cell due to water movement across the cell membrane.

Answer 109

1. Tonicity; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 110

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed as osmoles of solute per liter of solution.

Answer 110

1. Osmolarity; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 111

Molecules that are missing one electron in their outer shell.

Answer 111

1. Free radicals; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 112

The movement of additional white blood cells to an area of inflammation in response to the release of chemical mediators, such as neutrophils, injured tissue, and monocytes.

Answer 112

1. Chemotaxis; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 113

A general term for a group of polypeptides that mediate inflammatory responses by stimulating visceral smooth muscle and relaxing vascular smooth muscle to produce vasodilation.

Answer 113

1. Kinin system; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 114

The loss of fluid from the blood vessels into the tissue, causing the blood left in the vessels to have increased viscosity, which in turn slows the flow of blood and produces stasis.

Answer 114

1. Margination; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 115

A three-stage description of the body's short-term and long-term reactions to stress.

Answer 115

1. General adaptation syndrome; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 116

An increased serum magnesium level.

Answer 116

1. Hypermagnesemia; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 117

Biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid called leukotrienes.

Answer 117

1. Slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 118

A type of tissue that covers all external surfaces of the body.

Answer 118

1. Epithelium; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 119

The number of new cases of a disease in a population in a specified one year period.

Answer 119

1. Incidence; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 120

A slow respiratory rate.

Answer 120

1. Bradypnea; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 121

The death of tissue, usually caused by a cessation of the blood supply.

Answer 121

1. Necrosis; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 122

Molecules that insert themselves into the bacterial membrane, leading to weakened areas in the membrane.

Answer 122

1. Membrane attack complex; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 123

Acidic by-products of fat metabolism.

Answer 123

1. Ketones; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 124

A localized reaction involving vascular inflammation in response to an IgG-mediated allergic response.

Answer 124

1. Arthus reaction; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 125

The hormones that diffuse through intracellular spaces to their target.

Answer 125

1. Paracrine hormones; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 126

A decreased serum phosphate level.

Answer 126

1. Hypophosphatemia; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 127

The type of shock that occurs as a result of widespread infection, usually bacterial; untreated, the result is multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and often death.

Answer 127

1. Septic shock; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 128

Shock caused by paralysis of the nerves that control the size of the blood vessels, leading to widespread dilation and pooling of blood in the peripheral vessels to the extent that adequate perfusion cannot be maintained; seen in patients with spinal cord injuries.

Answer 128

1. Neurogenic shock; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 129

A complex feedback mechanism responsible for the regulation of sodium in the body by the kidneys.

Answer 129

1. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS); ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 130

A type of T lymphocyte that is involved in both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses; these secrete cytokines that stimulate the B cells and other T cells.

Answer 130

1. Helper T cells; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 131

The hormones that are carried to their target or sell group in the bloodstream.

Answer 131

1. Endocrine hormones; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 132

A solution that has a lower concentration of sodium than does the cell; the increased osmotic pressure lets water flow into the cell, causing it to swell and possibly burst.

Answer 132

1. Hypotonic solution; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 133

The process in which the polymorphonuclear neutrophils permeate through the vessel wall, moving into the interstitial space; also called diapedesis.

Answer 133

1. Transmigration; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 134

The products of cells that affect the function of other cells.

Answer 134

1. Cytokines; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 135

An increased level of potassium in the blood.

Answer 135

1. Hyperkalemia; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 136

The breakdown of fibrin in blood clots and the prevention of the polymerization of fibrin into new clots.

Answer 136

1. Fibrinolysis cascade; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 137

Process of losing a hydrogen atom in the presence of water. Acids are classified as strong or weak, depending on how completely they undergo the process.

Answer 137

1. Dissociation; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 138

An antigen that is capable of generating an immune response.

Answer 138

1. Immunogen; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*

Question 139

Shock that occurs when there is a block to blood flow in the heart or great vessels, causing an insufficient blood supply to the body's tissues.

Answer 139

1. Obstructive shock; ## Footnote *-Emergency Care in the Streets, 7th Ed.*