Pathophysiology Introduction Ch1

Question 1

What is Pathophysiology ?

Answer 1

is the study of the underlying changes in body physiology that result from disease or injury.

Question 2

The science of pathophysiology seeks to provide an
understanding of What ?

Answer 2

• mechanisms of disease
• how and why alterations in body structure and function lead to the signs and symptoms

Question 3

Understanding pathophysiology guides health care
professionals in what ?

Answer 3

planning, selection, and evaluation of therapies and treatment

Question 4

Pathophysiology have utilization of principles, concepts, and basic knowledge from other fields of study including

Answer 4

• pathology
• genetics
• immunology
• epidemiology

Question 5

What is Pathology ?

Answer 5

is the investigation of structural alterations in cells , tissues, and organs, which can help identify the cause of a particular disease.

Question 6

What is Pathogenesis ?

Answer 6

is the biological mechanism(s) that lead to the diseased state. It is the origin and pattern of tissue changes associated with the development of disease.

Question 7

What is Etiology ?

Answer 7

refers to the study of the cause of disease

Question 8

We may be effected By a disease in two way ?
(Disease may be?)

Answer 8

• Endogenous
• Exogenous

Question 9

The Disease that caused by, heredity, alterations in immunity,
(autoimmunity , hypersensitivity) malignancy is Endogenous or Exogenous ?

Answer 9

Endogenous

Question 9

The Disease that caused by infection, malmalnutrition, trauma is Endogenous or Exogenous ?

Answer 9

Exogenous

Question 10

Give me examples about Idiopathic diseases ?

Answer 10

• pulmonary fibrosis
• Types of Epilepsy
• Alzheimer disease

Question 11

Idiopathic diseases:

Answer 11

disease that have no identifiable cause

Question 12

Iatrogenic diseases

Answer 12

disease that occurs as a result of medical treatment.
▪(e.g; some antibiotics can injure the kidney and cause kidney failure.

Question 13

Nosocomial diseases(infection) or
Hospital-acquired infection (HAI)

Answer 13

is an infection that is contracted from the environment or staff of a healthcare facility

Question 14

Examples of Nosocomial diseases(infection) or
Examples of Hospital-acquired infection (HAI) ?

Answer 14

❑Hospital –acquired pneumonia
❑Ventilator- associated pneumonia
❑Urinary tract infections UTI
❑Gastroenteritis
❑postpartum infections

Question 15

Diagnosis :

with example

Answer 15

is the naming or identification of disease.
ex: bacterial infection ,asthma, allergy

Question 16

Prognosis

with example

Answer 16

is the expected outcome of a disease
ex: DKA in T2DM (Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Type 2 Diabetics)
CRF (chronic renal failure)

Question 17

Acute disease

with example

Answer 17

is the sudden appearance of signs and symptoms that last only a short time. (2 week or less)
ex: ARF (Acute Renal Failure)
Flu

Question 18

Chronic disease is :

with example

Answer 18

develops more slowly and the signs and symptoms last for a long time, perhaps for a life time
ex : osteoarthritis (hypertrophy and spurring of bone and erosion of cartilage)

Question 19

Remissions :

with example

Answer 19

are periods when symptoms disappear or diminish significantly
ex:(syphilis stages)

Question 20

Exacerbations :

with example

Answer 20

are periods when the symptoms become worse or more severe.
ex: Emphysema + asthma + bronchitisCOPD

Question 21

Sequelae

Answer 21

Are unwanted outcomes of having a disease or are the result of trauma such as paralysis resulting from a stroke or severe scarring resulting from a burn.

Question 22

Complications :

with example

Answer 22

Are the onset of a disease in person who is already coping with another existing disease.
ex: DM (Diabetes mellitus) , Cancer

Question 23

Signs:

Answer 23

Are objective alterations that can be measured by another person , measures of bodily functions such as pulse rate , blood pressure, body temperature ,or WBCs count.
Local : redness ; swelling local edema
Systemic : fever ; generalized edema

Question 24

Symptoms

Answer 24

are **subjective experiences** reported by **person with disease**, complaints such as pain, nausea, shortness of breath , headache

Question 25

Symptoms Of Influenza

Answer 25

* Central : Headache * Systemic : Fever (High usually) * Nasopharynx : Runny or stuffy nose ,Sore throat,*Aches* * Respiratory : Coughing * Muscular : Tirdness (Extreeeeme) * Joints : **Aches** * Gastric : Vomiting

Question 26

Prodromal period

Answer 26

is the time during which a person experiences vague symptoms such as fatigue or loss of appetite before the onset of specific signs and symptoms.

Question 27

Insidious symptoms

Answer 27

refers to vague or nonspecific feelings and awareness that there is a change within

Question 28

Latent period

Answer 28

a time during which no symptoms are readily apparent in the affected person but the disease is nevertheless present in the body; an example is the incubation phase of an infection or the early growth phase of a tumor body.

Question 29

Syndrome | With example

Answer 29

is a group of symptoms that occur together and may be caused by several interrelated problems or a specific disease. ex: SARS,Dawn syndrome

Question 30

SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome) Symptoms :

Answer 30

* Headache * Fever * Body aches * Overall feeling of discomfort * dry cough * difficulty breathing

Question 31

Disorder

Answer 31

is an abnormality of function; this term also can refer to an illness or a particular problem such as a bleeding disorder

Question 32

Morbidity

Answer 32

statistics provide information about the functional effects (incidence of a specific notifiable disease)

Question 33

Mortality

Answer 33

death-producing (deaths from notifiable diseases)

Question 34

# True or False Morbidity and Mortality are useful in terms of anticipating health care needs, planning of public education programs, directing health research efforts, and allocating health care dollars.

Answer 34

of course true عزيزي

Question 35

Risk factors : (predisposing factors)

Answer 35

Increase the probability that disease will occur, but these factors are not the cause of disease. Risk factors include heredity, age, gender, race, environment, and life style. (like smoking have 70% cause a cardiovascular problem obesity have 90% to cause Diabetes)

Question 36

Precipitating factors

Answer 36

is a condition or event that does cause pathologic event or disorder (Example: asthma is precipitated by exposure to an allergen, or angina (pain) is precipitated by exertion).

Question 37

Risk factors for atherosclerosis

Answer 37

High blood pressure High cholesterol levels Positive family history Diabetes mellitus Cigarette smoking Obesity Sedentary lifestyle Stress Oxidative Stress High levels of plasma homocysteine

Question 38

# True Or False healthy life contributes to the prevention of disease?

Answer 38

True

Question 39

There are three fundamental types of prevention:

Answer 39

primary prevention (Remove Risk Factor) secondary prevention (Early detection and the treatment) tertiary prevention (Reduce complication)