Pathophysiology of Diarrhea (Exam 3)

Question 1

Diarrhea is the increase in ______, ______, and 24-hour volume of feces eliminated (relative to the norm for that species).

Answer 1

frequency, fluidity

Question 2

Acute diarrhea is <_____ days while chronic diarrhea is >____ days.

Answer 2

14

Question 3

What classification of diarrhea is used only in small animal practice? Why?

Answer 3

small vs. large bowel
LA have greater absorptive capacity

Question 4

The tip of the intestinal villus has (old/new) cells and is (secretory/absorptive) while the crypts have (old/new) cells and are (secretory/absorptive).

Answer 4

old, absorptive
new, secretory

Question 5

(T/F) Only one mechanism is typically for diarrhea.

Answer 5

false

Question 6

List the 5 mechanisms of diarrhea.

Answer 6

1. abnormal intestinal motility
2. osmotic diarrhea
3. malabsorption
4. increased permeability
5. hypersecretion

Question 7

Diarrhea caused by abnormal intestinal motility can appear as an increase in peristalsis, or _________, or as bacterial overgrowth causing __________.

Answer 7

hypermotility
hypomotility

Question 8

_________ causes giant aboral contractions which leads to hypermotility and therefore, diarrhea.

Answer 8

platelet-activating factor

Question 9

Why can hypermotility leading to diarrhea be a medical emergency?

Answer 9

massive dehydration and electrolyte loss

Question 10

Overgrowth of bacteria leads to breakdown of bile salts and secretion of damaging factors which leads to ______ causing diarrhea.

Answer 10

hypomotility

Question 11

_______ diarrhea occurs when there is an increase in particles in the GI lumen.

Answer 11

osmotic

Question 12

(T/F) Osmotic diarrhea is often infectious.

Answer 12

False

Question 13

What is the most common cause of osmotic diarrhea?

Answer 13

incorrect mixing of milk replacer

Question 14

(T/F) Osmotic diarrhea causes no inflammation or damage to the gut.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

_______ diarrhea usually occurs with villous atrophy.

Answer 15

malabsorption

Question 16

In malabsorption diarrhea, villous atrophy loses the ________ capacity of the intestines.

Answer 16

absorptive

Question 17

What disease causes malabsorption diarrhea?

Answer 17

viral enteritis

Question 18

(T/F) Malabsorption diarrhea is seen grossly with bloody mucus.

Answer 18

False - no blood

Question 19

Which mechanism of diarrhea causes significant inflammation?

Answer 19

increased permeability

Question 20

What are the 4 different causes of increased permeability leading to diarrhea?

Answer 20

1. bacterial
2. viral
3. autoimmune
4. neoplastic

Question 21

Due to the significant inflammation in diarrhea via increased permeability, there is (active/passive) leakage into the GI lumen creating ________.

Answer 21

passive
exudate

Question 22

Grossly, diarrhea from increased permeability is called:

Answer 22

dysentery (bloody feces)

Question 23

In small animals, dysentery is classified further as ________, if damaged small intestine, and _________, if damaged large intestine.

Answer 23

melena
hematochezia

Question 24

_______ cause intestinal damage, such as Salmonella, leading to increased permeability and therefore, diarrhea.

Answer 24

infectious agents

Question 25

(T/F) Increased permeability leading to diarrhea can be caused by both infectious and non-infectious agents.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

What are two non-infectious agents that can cause increased permeability and therefore, diarrhea?

Answer 26

intestinal lymphoma IBD

Question 27

In _________ diarrhea, there is nothing physically wrong with the GI tract, just an increase in secretion rate.

Answer 27

hypersecretion

Question 28

Hypersecretion diarrhea occurs when ________ increase secretion.

Answer 28

crypts

Question 29

What mediates hypersecretion mechanism of diarrhea?

Answer 29

cAMP

Question 30

___________ in neonate livestock causes hypersecretion diarrhea via toxin secretion which upregulate cAMP.

Answer 30

colibacillosis

Question 31

How does hypersecretion diarrhea appear grossly?

Answer 31

very watery

Question 32

What two things are important to do on a physical exam of a patient with diarrhea?

Answer 32

abdominal palpation rectal palpation

Question 33

What laboratory tests should be used to assess hydration?

Answer 33

hematocrit, total protein

Question 34

Typically, you want to pursue radiographs for (acute/chronic) diarrhea which is more life-threatening.

Answer 34

chronic