Pathophysiology + Screening Flashcards
(61 cards)
Diabetes Mellitus is classified as a ____ disorder
Metabolic
DM is characterized by the presence of… due to these factors.
Presence of hyperglycemia, due to defective insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
The major cells of the pancreas involved with blood glucose control are the…
Islet cells
The two most important part of islet cells are:
Alpha + beta cells
Delta cells are not talked about much
Beta cells produce…
Insulin
And amylin (satiety)
Alpha cells produce…
Glucagon
Insulin is released in response to…
Elevated BG levels
Bring back up to normal euglycemia
Glucagon is released in response to…
Low BG levels
Bring back up to euglycemia
In terms of the fed and fasting states, insulin and glucagon are released…
Insulin = fed state
Glucagon = fasting state
Insulin works as a lock + key, meaning…
Insulin is the key to get glucose into cells
The major site of glucose uptake is…
Skeletal muscle
After insulin stimulates uptake of glucose in skeletal muscle, the glucose is then stored as…
Stored as glycogen +Glycogen, and used in energy metabolism (glycogenesis)
Insulin also stimulates production of proteins from AA’s
Formation of glucose from a non-carb source usually occurs in-between meals, via…
Proteins - amino acids converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis
Insulin is involved with the liver after meals via…
Stimulation of liver to store glucose as glycogen (glycogenesis)
And suppresses gluconeogenesis
In a fasting state, glucagon is involved with the liver via…
Glucagon stimulates liver to provide glucose by glycogenolysis (glycogen back into glucose) and gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from non-carb, like amino acids)
If the amount of glucose entering the liver is greater than storage capacity for glycogen, insulin will help by…
Promoting glucose conversion to fatty acids, stored in adipose tissue
Glycerol phosphate + Free fatty acids stored as TG’s
In starvation or insulin deficiency, lipolysis can occur, which is when…
TG’s split back to glycerol and FFA’s, FFA metabolized and ketone bodies used as energy source
Insulin has antilypolytic properties
The brain has a strong connection to glucose as…
Glucose is its main energy source
does not depend on presence of insulin for use
Type 1 DM (T1DM) is characterized by…
An absolute lack of insulin secretion
T1DM is primarily caused by…
Autoimmune beta-cell destruction
Markers of immune destruction are often present in T1DM, which may include…
Islet cell antibodies, insulin antibodies, GAD antibodies
GAD = glutamic acid decarboxylase
After initiation of insulin, some T1DM patients go through a honeymoon phase, where…
Insulin secretion recovers temporarily + insulin requirements may be quite low
The honeymoon phase can occur ____ after initiation of insulin, and last for _____
Days-weeks following initiation, and last for months
An important factor about the honeymoon phase in T1DM patients is that…
The period is transient - so need to continue receiving insulin + monitor for hypoglycemia
