Pathways And Centres Involved In Movement

Question 1

What are the 3 functions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 1

Normal initiation of movement
Control of movement
Stopping of movement

Question 2

The basal ganglia sends what specific information through the thalamus to the cerebral cortex?

Answer 2

1) dampen cerebral cortex

2) excite cerebral cortex

Question 3

What is dyskinesia?

Answer 3

Abnormal involuntary movements

Question 4

Lesions of the basal ganglia cause what?

Answer 4

Dyskinesia - abnormal involuntary movements

Question 5

The basal ganglia is made up of what two components?

Answer 5

Corpus striatum

Amygdala and claustrum

Question 6

What is the corpus striatum made from?

Answer 6

Neostratum and paleostiatum

Question 7

What is the neostratum made up of?

Answer 7

Caudate nucleus and putamen

Question 8

What is the lentiform nucleus made up of?

Answer 8

Putamen

Gloves pallid is

Question 9

What is the embryological origin of the basal ganglia?

Answer 9

Telencephalon

Question 10

The anatomical basal ganglia is made of what 4 components?

Answer 10

Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus - putamen and globus pallidus
Amygdala
Claustrum

Question 11

The globus pallidus is split into two parts know as:

Answer 11

Interna

Externa

Question 12

The functional basal ganglia is made of which 5 components?

Answer 12

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamus
Substantia nigra

Question 13

The substantia nigra is functionally part of what structure?

Answer 13

Globus pallidus interna

Question 14

The substantia nigra is split into 2 parts known as:

Answer 14

Pars compacta

Pars reticulata

Question 15

The pars compacta contains what type of cells? What do they produce?

Answer 15

Melanin

Produce dopamine

Question 16

Individually, are the fibres from the cortex to the striatum excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 16

Excitatory

Question 17

Individually, are the fibres from the striatum to the globus pallidus interna and substantia nigra excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 17

Inhibitory

Question 18

Individually, are the fibres from the globus pallidus interna and substantia nigra to the thalamus excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 18

Inhibitory

Question 19

Individually, are the fibres from the thalamus to the cortex excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 19

Excitatory

Question 20

What does the internal circuitry of the basal ganglia do?

Answer 20

Modification

Turns muscles ‘on and off’

Question 21

What is the function of the direct pathway?

Answer 21

Facilitate behaviour and movements that are required

Question 22

What is the function of the indirect pathway?

Answer 22

Inhibit unwanted behaviours and movements

Question 23

What is chorea? And in what disease does it present?

Answer 23

Jerky involuntary movements

Huntingtons disease

Question 24

Draw out the direct pathway

Answer 24

See slide 8

Question 25

Draw out the indirect pathway

Answer 25

See slide 9

Question 26

The direct pathway causes excitation or inhibition of the thalamus?

Answer 26

Excitation

Question 27

The indirect pathway causes excitation or inhibition of the thalamus?

Answer 27

Inhibition

Question 28

What is the function of the substania nigra pars compacta?

Answer 28

``` Releases dopamine Initiates movement Excites the direct pathway Inhibits the indirect pathway = double excitation ```

Question 29

Damage to the basal ganglia means disordered movement on what side of the body?

Answer 29

Contralateral side

Question 30

What are the signs and symptoms of basal ganglia damage?

Answer 30

``` Slow movements (hypokinesia) Poor initiation of movement Little steps Lack of facial expression Lack of blinking Rigidity Tremor ```

Question 31

Why is there no initiation of movement in basal ganglia damage?

Answer 31

Dopenergic fibers do not fire No excitation/inhibition = no initiation

Question 32

Parkinsons disease is disease of the basal ganglia involving disruption of which input?

Answer 32

Nigrostriatal

Question 33

How does hyperkinetic disorders occur?

Answer 33

Degeneration of subthalamic nucleus = excitation to globus pallidus Degeneration of inhibitory fibers from striatum to globus pallidus

Question 34

What does hyperkinetic mean?

Answer 34

Unwanted movement