Pathways And Subcortical Regions And Cranial Nerves

Question 1

Pathways
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Limbic system
Basal ganglia
Cranial nerves

Answer 1

All involved in neural processing of speech

Question 2

The brainstem is

Answer 2

Channel for sensory and motor pathways

Question 3

The Limbic system is

Answer 3

Structures within cerebrum involved in emotions, motivations, memory and adaptive functions

Question 4

Limbic system is composed of

Answer 4

Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
And more

Question 5

Hippocampus lies deep within

Answer 5

Temporal lobe and consolidates information from short and long term memory

Question 6

Hippocampus is affected in

Answer 6

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 7

Amygdala is attached to

Answer 7

Hippocampus and processes fearful emotions

Question 8

Cerebellum has two hemispheres and connects to brainstem via

Answer 8

3 pathways

Question 9

The cerebellum ensures

Answer 9

Coordination of movement (important for balance) and damage to this affects production of steady movement

Question 10

Cerebellum is involved in

Answer 10

Coordination of the various muscle groups to produce a smooth flow of speech and swallowing

Damage - slurring of speech

Question 11

The cerebellum is the region of the brain that’s plays an important role in the

Answer 11

Integration of sensory perception and motor output

Attention, music and language

Question 12

Cerebellum and speech

Answer 12

Engaged in the control of up to 100 or so vocal tract muscles engaged in speech production

Question 13

Cerebral connections include

Answer 13

Projection tracts and association tracts

Question 14

Projection tracts are corticobulbar and corticospinal and involve

Answer 14

Long axons and cortex to brainstem/spinal cord

Question 15

Association tracts are arcuate fasciculus and are

Answer 15

Intrahemispheric (within and between lobes)

Question 16

Arcuate fasciculus connects

Answer 16

Speech and language cortical areas in frontal, temporal and parietal loves

Question 17

Corticobulbar/nuclear tract

Answer 17

Bulbar-brainstem
Fibres originate in primary motor cortex (cell bodies upper motor neurons)
End in brainstem
Fibres for control of facial, jaw, tongue, velopharyngeal and laryngeal muscles connect with lower motor neurons

Question 18

Corticospinal tract fibres originate in

Answer 18

Primary motor, pre motor, supplementary motor cortex (cell bodies)

End in spinal cord (lower motor neurons)

Question 19

Subcortical nuclei is composed of

Answer 19

Basal ganglia and thalamus

Question 20

What are the basal ganglia?

Answer 20

Group of nuclei (cell bodies)

Involved in motor control, motor learning and behaviour/emotions

Question 21

Basal ganglia involved

Answer 21

Striatum (caudate and putamen)
And globus pallidus

Involved in input or output nuclei

Question 22

Basal ganglia processes movement (muscles of face, larynx, tongue and pharynx)
Main site of dopamine release

Answer 22

Damage can result in involuntary movement (lack of coordination)-Parkinson’s disease

Question 23

Thalamus is made up of

Answer 23

Hypothalamus 
Epithalamus
Pre thalamus
Dorsal thalamus 
And relays station between au cortical areas and cortex

Question 24

Thalamus relays sensory information

Answer 24

Almost all sensory systems have thalamic nuclei

Question 25

Thalamus and language

Answer 25

It is involved in language processing and verbal short term memory Damage - deficits in memory, attention and reduced spontaneous speech

Question 26

Neural pathway of speech

Answer 26

``` Intention-ideation-perception Linguistic~symbolic processing-longuistic form (wernickes area) Motor speech performing (Broca's) Coordination Execution (motor cortex) ```

Question 27

Cranial Nerves for speech and swallowing : cranial nerve v- trigeminal- sensory and motor nerves with three divisions

Answer 27

1. Ophthalamic 2. Maxillary- both sensory: touch, pressure, pain from mid and upper face, maxillary teeth, sinuses 3. Mandibular- sensory: touch and pressure from lower teeth, skin of lower face and two thirds of tongue, pinna Motor: innervate a jaw closing muscles (DIGASTRIC, palatal tensor, tensor tympani and mylohyoid)

Question 28

Cranial nerve Vii: facial-sensory and motor nerves

Answer 28

Sensory: touch, pressure, taste, pain from mid and upper face, maxillary teeth, sinuses Motor: innervate all muscles of facial expression, the Stapedius. Produces saliva Orbicularis Oris, mentalis, levator Anguli Oris etc

Question 29

Cranial nerve Viii: auditory-vestibular nerve

Answer 29

Sensory nerves( carries information from both cochlea and vestibular apparatus of inner ear to brainstem)

Question 30

Cranial nerve ix: glossopharyngeal- sensory and motor nerves

Answer 30

Sensory: touch, pressure from posterior tongue, parts of pharynx, pinna. And ear drum(inner surface) Motor- innervates stylopharyngeus (swallowing)

Question 31

Cranial nerve X: vagus | Sensory and motor nerves

Answer 31

Sensory: touch, pressure from larynx, pharynx Motor: innervates pharyngeal constrictor, palatal levator, intrinsic muscles of the larynx and palatoglossus

Question 32

Cranial nerve xi: spinal accessory nerve | Motor nerves

Answer 32

Motor: innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

Question 33

Cranial nerve X11: hypoglossal | Motor nerves

Answer 33

Motor:innervates all intrinsic tongue muscles and all but one extrinsic

Question 34

Cranial nerves for other function: cranial nerve I: olfactory

Answer 34

Sensory nerves that run posteriorly to cortex (temporal lobe)

Question 35

Other function of Crania nerve II: optic

Answer 35

Sensory nerves that sends electrical impulses from retina to visual cortex (occipital lobe)

Question 36

Another function for cranial nerve III: oculomotor

Answer 36

Motor nerves that move eyeball up and down

Question 37

Another function of cranial nerve IV: trochlear

Answer 37

Motor nerves that moves eye up, down, round and side to side

Question 38

Another function for cranial nerve VI: abducens

Answer 38

Motor nerves that turn eyeball to side of head

Question 39

Neural control of swallowing

Answer 39

Nearly all structures are same as involved in speech except esophagus ``` Primary motor cortex Pre motor cortex Primary sensory cortex Insula Basal ganglia Thalamus Cerebellum ```