Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

TMC > Patient Assessment > Flashcards

Patient Assessment Flashcards

(85 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Define life functions?

A

Getting oxygen from the air to all the cells in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List and describe the four critical life functions?

A

1.Ventilation- moving air in and out of the lungs
2.Oxygenation- getting oxygen into the blood.
3.Circularion- moving blood through the body.
4.Perfusion- getting oxygen into the tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How to measure the four critical life functions?

A

1.Ventilation- respiratory rate, tidal volume, chest movement, breath sounds, PaCO2, ETCO2.

2.Oxygenation- heart rate, color, sensorium, PaO2 SPO2.

3.Circulation- heart rate and strength, cardiac output.

4.Perfusion- blood pressure, sensorium, temperature, urine output, hemodynamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common problem in an emergency?

A

Oxygenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List the priority in an emergency?

A
  1. Ventilation
    2.Oxygenation
    3.Circulation
  2. Perusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define signs?

A

Objective information, those things that you can see or measure
ex: color, pulse, edema, blood pressure, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define symptom?

A

Subjective information those things that the patient must tell you.
ex: dyspnea, pain, nausea, muscle weakness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the formula for tobacco use?

A

Pack year= # of packs/day X #of years smoke
ex: 4 packs/day X 10 years= 40 packs years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a recommended therapy for tobacco?

A

Nicotine therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define advance directives?

A

A documentation of what treatment a patient would want if he was unable to make a medical decisions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a type of advance directive?

A
  1. DNR- The patient does not wish to have cardiopulmonary.
  2. DNI- The patient does not wish to be intubated.
  3. Living Will- Describe the treatment patient would want if he becomes terminally ill.
  4. Durable power of attorney - Legal document that names a health care proxy responsible.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the respiratory care orders?

A

1.Type of treatment
2. Frequency
3. Medication dosage and route of adminstration
4. Physisian signature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List and describe the patient progress notes?

A

1.Respiratory notes- record date, time, reactions, etc.
2. Nursing notes - check patient status.
3. Admission notes- recording of pertinent patient data. (ex: name, address, date of birth, physician or diagnosis).
4. Physician notes- if changes in patient progress, check for corresponding respiratory orders
5. Maternal history or neonatal data.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the normal value for urine output?

A

40ml/hr or 1 liter/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define sensible water loss?

A

Urine, vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define insensible water loss?

A

Lungs and skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the result if urine intake exceed urine output?

A

1.Weight gain
2.Electrolyte imbalance
3.Increase hemodynamic pressure
4.Decrease lung compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does central venous pressure (CVP) indicate?

A

Changes in fluid balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the normal CVP?

A

2-6mm Hg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the value of decreased CVP?
what is the indication for decreased CVP?
What is the treatment?

A

< 2mm Hg
Indicate hypovolemia
treatment recommends fluid therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the value of increased CVP?
What is the indication for increased CVP?
What is the treatment?

A

> 6mm Hg
indicate hypervolemia
treatment recommend diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is medication reconciliation?

how long is it to carry out the process of admission?

A

The process of ensuring that the patient’s medication list is as accurate and up-to-date as possible.

The process should be carried out with 24 hours of admission to the hospital.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

List and describe the different level of consciousness?

A

Alert and response- normal.

Lethargic, somnolent, sleepy-consider sleep apnea or excessive O2 therapy in patients with COPD.

Stuporous, confused- respond inappropriately, drug overdose, intoxication.

Semicomatose- responds to only painful
stimuli.

Obtunded- drowsy state, may have decreased cough or gag reflex.

Coma- does not respond to painful stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How check if a patient is orientated?

A

Time
Place
Person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Define the ADL? What system is use to evaluate ADL?
The basic task of everyday life. Katz scoring system
26
Define orthopnea, general malaise, dyspnea, dysphagia?
Orthopnea- difficulty breathing except in the upright position (CHF). General malaise- Run down feeling nausea, weakness, fatigue. headache (electrolyte imbalance) Dyspnea- a feeling of SOB or difficulty in breathing Dysphagia- (difficulty swallowing) and hoarseness are also common symptoms
27
List and describe the grade of dyspnea in relation to the activity of daily living ?
Grade I- dyspnea occurs after unusual exertion. Grade II- breathless after going up the hills or stairs. Grade III- dyspnea while walking at normal speed. Grade IV- dyspnea slowly walking a short distance Grade V- dyspnea at rest, shaving, dressing, etc.
28
List a few general appearance?
Age, height, weight, nourishment, etc.
29
1. What is peripheral/ pitting edema? 2. Where does it primarily occur? 3. What can cause congestive heart failure?
1.Presence of excessive fluid in the tissue. 2.Occurs primarily in arms and ankles 3. Congestive heart failure (CHF) and renal failure.
30
1.How is peripheral or pitting edema rated? 2. What is the recommended treatment for peripheral/ pitting edema?
1. Rated +1, +2,+3, etc. the higher the number the greater the swelling. 2. Recommend diuretic therapy.
31
Define ascites and what is it cause by?
1. Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen generally. 2. caused by liver failure.
32
1.What is the clubbing of the finger? 2. What is the causing clubbing of the finger?
1. The thumb and the first finger are affected. The condition is present when the angle of the nail bed and skin increases. 2.Caused by chronic hypoxemia
33
1. When does increased venous distention occur? 2. When is venous distention seen in patients?
1. Occurs with congestive heart failure. 2. Seen during exhalation in patients with obstructive lung disease and air trapping.
34
1.What is capillary refill? 2.What is the indication for capillary refill? 3. How long should the color return after a capillary refill?
1. Blanching the hand and watch for color to return. 2 peripheral circulation 3. within three seconds
35
1.What is diaphoresis? 2. What are the disease related to diaphoresis and the recommended treatment?
1. State of profuse /heavy sweating 2. Heart failure = treatment diuretics, positive inotropic agent Fever/infections= antibiotic Anxiety/nervousness= sedative Tuberculosis/night sweats= antitubercular drugs
36
1.Describe a decrease in color change? 2.What will a decrease in the color cause?
1.Ashen or pallor 2. Cause with anemia or Vasoconstriction will cause change by reducing blood flow.
37
1. Define the skin color listed below and the cause for each stated? Jaundice Erythema and the cause cyanosis and cause
Jaundice-increase bilirubin level in blood and tissue. This appears mostly in the face and trunk Erythema- redness of the skin. cause capillary congestion, inflammation, or infection, flushed Cyanosis- blue or blue-gray/dusky discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane. Caused by hypoxia from the increasing amount of reduced hemoglobin (5g of reduce hemoglobin)
38
Describe the normal A-P diameter?
Straight spine no alteration in chest size no leaning forward (kyphosis) and side to side (scoliosis)
39
What is the pectus carinatum?
Anterior protrusion of the sternum
40
What is pectus excavatum?
Depression of part of or the entire sternum
41
Define kyphosis?
Convex curvature of the spine (lean forward)
42
What is scoliosis?
lateral curvature of the spine (lean side to side)
43
What is kyphoscolios and what it cause ?
Combination of kyphosis and scoliosis. This causes restrictive pattern or reduce lung volume
44
1.Describe the barrel chest? 2. What is the cause of barrel chest? 3. How it is shown in A-P diameter?
1. Barrel chest result in air trapping in the lungs for a long period of time. 2. Due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3. Increase in A-P diameter
45
What is symmetrical chest movement?
Both sides of the chest move an equal at the same time.
46
What is the movement of the abdomen, diaphragm and thorax during inspiration?
The abdomen moves out during inspiration, diaphragm descends and the thorax moves outwards and upward
47
What underlying pathology unequal or asymmetrical indicate?
1. Post lung resection, post pneumonectomy 2.Atelectasis 3.Pneumothorax 4. Flail chest - paradoxical chest movement 5. Endotracheal tube inserted in right or left mainstem bronchi
48
Describe breathing patterns for Eupnea, tachypnea, bradycardia, and apnea. What is the normal number for wach? What is the cause of each breathing pattern?
1.Eupnea- normal respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm. Normal respiratory rate 12-20bpm
48
Describe breathing patterns for Eupnea, tachypnea, bradycardia, and apnea. What is the normal number for wach? What is the cause of each breathing pattern?
1.Eupnea- normal respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm. Normal respiratory rate 12-20bpm 2. Tachypnea- increase respiratory rate. >20 bpm cause; hypoxia, fever, pain, CNS problem 3. Bradypnea (Oligopnea)-decrease respiratory rate variable depth and irregular rhythm <12 bpm cause sleep, drugs, alcohol, metabolic disorder. 4. Apnea- cessation of breathing 5. hyperpnea- increase respiratory rate, increase depth regular rhythm cause metabolic disorder, CNS disorder
49
Describe breathing patterns for cheyne stoke, biots, kussmauls, apneustic and hypopnea. What is the normal number for the breathing patterns? What is the cause of each breathing pattern?
1.Cheyne stoke- gradually increasing then decreasing rate and depth in a cycle lasting from 30-180 seconds with periods of apnea lasting up to 60 seconds. cause increased intracranial pressure, brainstem injury , drug overdose 2. Biots- increase respiratory rate and depth with irregular periods of apnea. Each breath has the same breath. cause CNS problem 3. Kussmauls- increase respiratory rate, depth, irregular rhythm, breathing sounds labored. cause; hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis, renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis 4. Apneustic- prolonged gasping inspired followed by extremely short, insufficient expiration. cause: prolong with respiratory center, trauma or tumor 5. Hypopnea - shallow or slow breathing
50
What is the use of accessory muscles?
These muscles are to increase ventilation during times of stress, increase airway resistance and decrease compliance
51
List the normal muscles of ventilation?
1.Diaphragm 2.external intercostals 3. exhalation ismnormally passive
52
Name the acessory muscle of ventilation?
1. Internal intercostal, scalene, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major 2. Abdominal muscles, (oblique rectus abdominus etc)
53
Describe hypertrophy and atrophy for a muscle condition.
1. Hypertrophy-(increase in muscle size) of accessory muscle occurs with COPD 2.Atrophy- (muscle wasting, cachexia, starvation) loss of muscle tone and occurs in paralysis.
54
Define retraction/intercostal and sternal retraction and what is the cause of it?
Occurs when the chest moves inward during inspiratory efforts instead of outward. it is caused by severe airway obstruction or respiratory distress.
55
Define nasal flaring and the signs of it?
Flaring of the nostrils during inspiration signs of respiratory distress in infants
56
What is the character of cough and what does it indicate?
Strong, moderate, weak, productive, and non-productive, frequent or infrequent/loose tight or moist. a dry or non-productive cough indicates a tumor in the lungs a productive cough indicates an infection or chronic lung disease
57
What are the signs of changes to upper airway?
1.Trachea shift/deviation 2.enlarged thyroid 3.short receding mandible 4.enlarge tongue (macroglossia) 5.Bull neck 6. Limited range of motion of the neck
58
Describe the classification of mallampati?
Class I: soft palate, uvula, fauces, pillars visible Class II: soft palate, uvula, fauces visible. Class III: soft palate base of uvula visible Class IV: hard palate is only visible.
59
What is the complication to ventilate with the existence mallampati?
Face mask and manual resuscitation bag. endotracheal ventilation
60
What are class III and class IV mallampati consider?
difficult airways
61
What equipment is needed to utilize for class III and class IV mallampati?
Fiberoptic bronchoscope video assist device
62
What is the normal range for heart rate?
60-100 bpm
63
What are the values for tachycardia? What is the indication? What is recommended treatment?
>100 bpm indication are hypoxemia, anxiety,stress the treatment is oxygen therapy
64
What are the values for bradycardia? what is the indication? What is the recommended treatment?
<60 bpm indications are heart failure, shock, code/emergency The treatment atropine
65
1.What is an adverse reaction to heart rate? What should the respiratory therapist do?
A change heart rate more than 20 bpm stop therapy, notify nurse and doctor and record the event
66
What are the two different pulse rhythm? What does a change in pulse rhythm?
the two pulse rhythm regular and irregular a change in rhythm indicate for further monitoring
67
Describe a pulse force?
Strong/bonding, or weak and thready
68
Describe paradoxical pulse or pulsus paradoxus? what does paradoxical pulse or pulsus paradoxus indicate?
pulse or bblood presure varies with respiratorion May indicate airtrapping 9
69
Describe paradoxical pulse or pulsus paradoxus? what does paradoxical pulse or pulsus paradoxus indicate?
pulse or blood pressure varies with respiration May indicate air trapping
70
Describe how to locate the tracheal deviation?
Palpation can be use to determine trachea position. To determine trachear position, place index finger into the supra-sternal notch. compare the space between the left clavicle and the left border of the trachea.
71
What are the pulled to abnormal side (toward pathology) cause of trachea deviation?
Pulmonary atelectasis Pneumonectomy diaphragmatic paralysis
72
What are the pushed to normal side (awayf from pathology) cause of trachea deviation?
1.Massive pleural effusion 2.tension pneumothorax 3.neck or thyroid tumors 4.Large mediastinal mass
73
Define tactile fremitus ?
Vibration that is felt by the hand on the chest wall
73
Define tactile fremitus ?
Vibration that is felt by the hand on the chest wall
74
List and describe the subdivision of the tactile fremitus?
vocal fremitus-voice vibration on the chest wall Pleural rub fremtius- a grating sensatin felt on the chest wall due to roughen pleural surface rubbing together. Ronchi fremitus (palpable rhonchi)- secretions in the airway
75
What is tenderness?
Patient skin may be tender around the incision, chest tube, or bruises. fractured bones and burns
76
What is creptius?
Bubbles of air under the skin that can be palpated and indicates the presence of subcutaneous emphysema.
77
Differentiate between symmetrical chest expansion and asymmetrical expansion?
Symmetrical chest expansion is both sides of the patient chest moving. Asymmetrical chest expansion is one side of the patient chest is moving more than the other side
78
What does percussing the patient chest reveal? Describe the technique use for percussion?
Precussing the patient chest reveals changes in the tones that are emitted by the thorax. Percussion is done by placing the middle finger between two ribs and tapping the middle finger joint using the opposite hand.
79
Descirbe the follwoing emitted sound
Resonant- normal air-filled lung. Gives a hollow sound. Flat-normally heard over the sternum, muscle or areas of atelectasis Dull - heard over the fluid-filled organs such as heart and liver.
80
How to measure the diaphragmatic excursion? What is the normal diaphragmatic excursion?
Measured by percussing at peak inspiration and the peak exhalation 3 to 5 cm
81
What is normal breath sounds called?
Vesicular
82
What is bronchial breath sounds? What will bronchial breath sound over the lung periphery indicated?
Normal sounds heard over the trachea or bronchi. Breath sounds over the lung periphery indictes lun
82
What is bronchial breath sounds? What will bronchial breath sound over the lung periphery indicated?
Normal sounds heard over the trachea or bronchi. Breath sounds over the lung periphery indictes lun

TMC (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions