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Pop Bio > Patterns of Evolution > Flashcards

Patterns of Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Which two authors discovered natural selection before Darwin

A

WC Wells and Patrick Matthew

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2
Q

When was natural selection widely accepted

A

1930s

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3
Q

What is modern synthesis

A

development of population genetics through the 1930’s provided a solid mathematical, theoretical framework for natural selection

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4
Q

What is microevolution

A

changes in observed within species and populations, often directly observable in real time

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5
Q

What is macroevolution

A

long-term change within and between species, typically inferred from fossil record or comparisons among living organisms of which phylogeny is known

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6
Q

What evolutionary changes occurred with the soapberry bug

A

First fed on balloon vine trees then switched to golden-rain tree in 1926, populations increased, sucking parts began to shrink

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7
Q

How is evolution a compromise

A

it works upon existing variations; doesn’t create wholly new structure and function

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8
Q

Evolution is simultaneously ____ and _______

A

innovative and conservative

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9
Q

What are some examples of vestigial structures

A

vestigial wings in the flightless kiwi, vestigial hind limb in boas and pythons

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10
Q

Adult chickens have 3 digits in the wing and 4 in their feet, what happens to the 4th digit in their wings during development

A

the extra digit appears and are re-absorbed during development

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11
Q

What are the differences between a marine and freshwater stickleback

A

the marine sticklebacks are fully armored, larger in size, and have lateral plates. the freshwater sticklebacks have reduced armor with no pelvic structure, also smaller in size

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12
Q

What did Michael Bell study

A

study of stickleback evolution in Loberg Lake, Alaska

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13
Q

How have selection pressures shaped stickleback phenotypes

A

there is less ion concentration in freshwater which costs the growth and plate formation, there are different predators (fish in marine, insects in freshwater), growth rate vs. armor trade off (armor best in marine and rapid growth best in freshwater)

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14
Q

What is the Law of Succession

A

the observation that fossil types are succeeded, in the same geographic area by smilier fossil or living species

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15
Q

What is extinction

A

the lifespans of species, like the lifespans of individuals, are finite

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16
Q

What are transitional forms

A

a species that exhibits traits common to ancestral and derived groups, especially when the groups are sharply differentiated

17
Q

What specimen is considered to be the missing link

A

tiktaalik

18
Q

Why is the fossil record incomplete

A

fossilization is rare (right conditions at the right time) and most fossils are lost (erosion, inundation, glaciation, vulcanism)

19
Q

What is some evidence for evolution

A

species are not immutable, but change through time. species are not derive independently, but from common shared ancestors. the emergence of life is not recent

20
Q

What is tree thinking

A

evolutionary trees represent our understanding of descent with modification from common ancestry

21
Q

What is homology

A

Similarity in structure and development among organisms, unrelated to function. Same structures in different organisms used for different functions. Evidence of evolutionary relatedness

22
Q

Examples of homologous structures

A

the ulna and radius in humans, mole, horse, dolphin, and bat

23
Q

What is molecular homology

A

shared genetic code of all organisms is strong evidence for shared evolutionary history, rather than separate, independent origin and evolution of species

24
Q

What is an example of molecular homology

A

yeast and mice have similar genes

25
Q

What are pseudogenes

A

DNA sequences that are homologous to functioning genes, but are not transcribed. They are silent and have no product. Invisible to natural selection and accumulate mutations over time

26
Q

What type of duplication do humans and chimps share

A

CMT 1A-Rep duplication

27
Q

What is uniformitarianism

A

the assumption that processes identical to those at work today are responsible for events that occurred in the past; first articulated by James Hutton, the founder or modern geology

28
Q

What is radiometric dating based on

A

based on the decay rates of unstable isotopes of naturally occurring elements

29
Q

What is relative dating based on

A

based on the principle of superposition (older down, younger up)

30
Q

How old is the earth

A

about 4.5 billion years old

31
Q

What materials are commonly dated using C-14

A

bones, wood, shells, charcoal, cloth, paper, and animal droppings

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