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Patterns of Health and Illness Flashcards

describe + understand patterns of disease know changing pattern of diseases over time know role of health care systems relate all to oral health (52 cards)

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1
Q

where did global health come from?

A

tropical medicine came first
- protection of colonialists going to the tropics (far away countries) that they were exploiting + catching diseases

-> how the west were trying to counter these diseases

international medicine:
more movement between countries
restriction of that movement creating movement in disease (communicable diseases moving through countries)

global health:
joined up society across globe, travel so prevalent, online- allows us to share out healthcare knowledge without having to physically go there

also maintained though government systems

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2
Q

how do we measure health?

A

difficult to measure directly
make inferences from groups + populations

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3
Q

what finite data do we use to make inferences about the health of a population at large? (7)

A
  • death rates
  • life expectancy (from birth or other ages)
  • neonatal/ infant mortality & maternal mortality
  • morbidity rates
  • qol (quality of life)
  • trust
  • community life
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4
Q

what is the future of health measure moving towards?

A

happiness scales
things which measure how good people’s work life balances are

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5
Q

current patterns or health + disease

A
  • improving maternal health
  • decreased infant mortality rates over time
  • overall women live longer than men
  • longer life expectancy over time
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6
Q

in current patterns of health and disease, who lives longer: men or women?

A

women

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7
Q

is there a difference in observed patterns of health and disease across the world?

A

yes- difference does exist between regions
Africa is trailing behind

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8
Q

discrepancies across the world in patterns of health and disease- poor countries:

A

GAPS DEFINED BY WEALTH

poor countries
-> + infant mortality
+ maternal death rates

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9
Q

disparities across the world in patterns of health and disease- poor countries:

A

richest countries have highest life expectancy rate

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10
Q

which 5 countries have the longest life expectancy?

A

Japan
Switzerland
Singapore
Australia
Spain

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11
Q

what is the life expectancy in the richest countries?

A

80 years +

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12
Q

what is the life expectancy in the poorest countries?

A

less than 55 years

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13
Q

which countries have the lowest life expectancy?

A

sub- saharan african countries
- Nigeria
- chad
- sierra leone

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14
Q

which countries have the lowest life expectancy?

A

sub- saharan african countries
- Nigeria
- chad
- sierra leone

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15
Q

leading causes of death in richer countries?

A

non communicable diseases (cardiovascular diseases, some cancers)
injuries

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16
Q

leading causes of death in poorer countries?

A

infectious diseases
maternal
neonatal
childbirth
poor nutrition

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17
Q

we are seeing an increase in deaths caused by:

A

smoking
obesity
childhood obesity

as countries develop, become richer in terms of GDP, they can treat infectious diseases readily but this isn’t always the case for non- communicable diseases - usually more long term

a less developed country will have greater inequality

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18
Q

we are seeing an increase in deaths caused by:

A

1) smoking
(total no. of tobacco attributable deaths are. projected to rise)

2) obesity
3) childhood obesity

as countries develop, become richer in terms of GDP, they can treat infectious diseases readily but this isn’t always the case for non- communicable diseases - usually more long term

a less developed country will have greater inequality

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19
Q

as countries have developed, they have gotten better access to:

A
  • medication
  • vaccination programmes
  • sanitation

cholera from dirty water

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20
Q

how does an increase in wealth increase the causes of death by the following:

A

as wealth ⬆️, so does:
capability to buy:
- processed foods
- cigarettes
- cars- more cars on the road -> infrastructure isn’t there to support this yet, thus more death from injuries

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21
Q

why is an increase in obesity an issue? (2)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • leads to wide range of associated serious health complications
  • increased risk of premature illness
22
Q

almost all countries have shifted away from ________ towards NCDs and injuries:

Study These Flashcards
A

premature deaths

23
Q

overall patterns show?

Study These Flashcards
A

substantial shift in distribution of death from:

1) younger age groups to older age groups

  • less infant mortality, people living longer, diseases which affect older age groups= cause of death

2) communicable diseases to non communicable diseases

3) 40% increase in global deaths= due to ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

24
Q

from 2002-2030, what % projected increase in global deaths is predominantly due to road traffic accidents?

25
large declines in mortality are projected to occur for? (4)
all the principal: 1) maternal 2) communicable 3) perinatal 4) nutritional causes
26
projected increase in global deaths caused by (by 2030): (6)
1) obesity 2) pollution 3) mental disorders 4) injuries + violence- rising conflict 5) road traffic accidents - increased industrialisation 6) tobacco
27
how does pollution in the environment come about?
countries develop increased industrialisation create more output more consumers we buy more processes to create more create more pollution within the environment
28
what does DALYs stand for?
disability- adjusted life years = lower quality of life papa new guinea = one of the poorest countries- very little infrastructure, very little running water afghanistan- chronic political turmoil prevents country from growing, dealt from violence
29
red= developing countries blue= developed countries overall more are dying from NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES distribution= unequal across globe
30
red= developing countries blue= developed countries overall more are dying from NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES distribution= unequal across globe
31
why are we prone to further new emerging threats of disease?
joined up society, more connected world so change of epidemic rapid spreading is increased
32
projection of new disease patterns:
the increasing burden of chronic non-communicable diseases
33
further threats:
1) foodborne outbreaks- food is internationally processed + pre- packaged in many different countries 2) radionuclear + toxic threats (accidental or deliberate outbreaks) 3) environmental disasters (climate change, earthquake, tsunami) 4) conflicts between countries 5) epidemics- more connected countries
34
which new threat appears to be emerging more quickly than ever before?
infectious diseases
35
which new threat appears to be emerging more quickly than ever before?
infectious diseases
36
which countries are more at risk to a pandemic?
more connected + developed countries more highly affected by communicable diseases from a pandemic breakout (goes against earlier pattern)
37
which countries are the epicentres for outbreaks in a pandemic?
countries which rely on international trade and movement because of the movement of their population
38
what are sustainable development goals?
- 17 in total - promote integration + balance of sustainable development from: 1) economic 2) social 3) environmental have influence on our health
39
sdg guidelines- 17 SDG
2.2) child health + development issues 6) availability + sustainable management of water + sanitation for all 7.1) clean household energy 11.6) air pollution 13.1) natural disasters 16.1) homicide + conflicts 3) promote well being at all ages, maternal mortality, child mortality, NCDs, infectious diseases (HIV, Hep + TB), RTA
40
what is poor sanitation associated with?
water borne infectious diseases
41
6 lines of action to promote health for sustainable development:
6. people having better education = better health lower areas of pollution = better health
42
opportunities provided by the 2030 agenda:
1) new tech to manage large vols of data 2) disease control programmes 3) empower women in schooling 4) place health in all sectors of all policy making (when designing houses, think about impact on health) 5) attract new sources of funding 6) leave no one behind 7) education - impact on health literacy + understanding health 8) agriculture
43
burden of disease in uK?
+ NCDS - CDS - mortality rates - maternal mortality rates risk factors - smoking, obesity, high sugar conc diets environments consider upstream (factors which influence job market) vs downstream factors
44
what is health influenced by and how can we reduce the north south divide?
social + physical environments we live in need political action to modify these environments
45
global burden of oral disease? (10)
- changing patterns over time - caries + PD very prevalent (measured by DMFT) - huge variation between countries - impact of oral cancer, HIV, aids - ORODENTAL trauma (increase in accidents) - dental erosion - fluorosis - developmental disorders - risk factors (environmental + lifestyle related) - self reported oral health problems
46
dental health of children in england?
there has been a reduction in caries prevalence overall since 1970s more people in north have carious lesions severity= correlated with areas of high deprivation
47
trends to OH in england
OH has been approving higher apt attendance (regional and socio-demographic differences across england)
48
for secondary care, the main inpatient dental admissions are for treating what?
dental caries
49
trends in oral conditions aside from caries:
+ PD -> + in smoking prevalence advanced perio= less prevalent (people getting treatment) no longer just looking at DMFT, also recession and CAL tooth wear + -> + fizzy drinks - need more time to understand effects of vaping - partial/ full denture wear is increasing (aging pop)
50
3 things a good healthcare system should have?
should be accessible universal coverage (for everyone) efficient
51
components of healthcare systems: (8)
1) structure - primary, secondary, tertiary care? 2) personnel- who provides service? 3) function - system aims to achieve? 4) location- in school? gov facility? 5) funding- from tax? insurance? 6) renumeration- how are health professionals paid? 7) target population - who is the system caring for? 8) outcomes - reduce tooth loss, improve OH + QOL
52
what 4 things should an oral health system respond to:
1) changes in pop demographics 2) changes in patterns of oral diseases (more erosion, more perio?) 3) impact of oral diseases on other systemic diseases 4) wider influences on a sociopolitical level

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