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Infection and immunity 2 > Paul- zoonotic diseases > Flashcards

Paul- zoonotic diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a zoonotic infection?

A

infectious disease that has jumped from a non-human animal to humans. Zoonotic pathogens may be bacterial, viral or parasitic. (WHO)

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2
Q

How do zoonotic diseases spread from animals to people?

A
  • direct contact
  • indirect contact
  • vectorborne
  • foodborne
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3
Q

Both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals can be infected. True or false?

A

True

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4
Q

Who is at higher risk of serious zoonotic infection?

A
  • children <5
  • pregnant women
  • adults >65
  • immunocompromised individuals
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5
Q

List examples of zoonotic diseases.

A
  • Anthrax (livestock)
  • Avian Flu (poultry)
  • Campylobacter (poultry)
  • Leptospirosis (rodents)
  • Lyme disease (ticks)
  • Bovine TB (cattle, goats, sheep)
  • Q fever (cattle, goats, sheep)
  • Toxoplasmosis (cats)
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6
Q

What animals does Anthrax mostly effect?

A

livestock (sheep, cattle, goats - any hoofed animals)

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7
Q

What bacteria is Anthrax?

A

Bacillus anthracis
It is an aerobic spore bearer

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8
Q

Pathogenesis of Anthrax?

A

Capsule- poly-D-glutamic acid
Anthrax toxin

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9
Q

What are the clinical features of anthrax?

A

Cutaneous anthrax: most common, spores enter skin
Inhalation anthrax: most serious, begins with fever, malaise, chest pain -> shock and death
Gastrointestinal anthrax: abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fever, mouth sores, blood vomitting
Anthrax meningitis: Haemorrhagic meningo-encephalitis – 95%mortality

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10
Q

Can humans contract all these types of anthrax from animals?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is the diagnosis for anthrax?

A

Pus, fluids, CSF, blood, sputum
Microscope, culture, PCR

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12
Q

What is the treatment for anthrax?

A

Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline, Penicillin, Linezolid, Clindamycin
Monoclonal antibodies

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13
Q

How to prevent anthrax?

A

Vaccination (BioThrax)
- Pre and Post-exposure

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14
Q

What organisms cause campylobacter?

A

C. jejuni, C.coli, C. lari, C.fetus

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15
Q

What is the most common cause of food poisoning in the UK?

A

Campylobacter
- causes over 280,000 cases of food poisoning each year

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16
Q

When do campylobacter infections occur?

A

It is found on raw chicken and infection occurs if chicken is not handled or cooked properly

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17
Q

Symptoms of campylobacter

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A
  • nausea
  • Diarrhoea and vomiting
  • stomach pains
  • fever
    Symptoms occur within 2-5 days of eating contaminated food or being in contact with a contaminated animal
    and clear within 2-3 days to a week.
18
Q

What are severe complications of campylobacter?

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A

Complications - Guillan-Barré Syndrome (GBS), Reactive Arthritis

19
Q

Describe the structure of Campylobacter.

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A

Spiral shaped – Seagull appearance
Microaerophilic, 42 C
Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate Agar (CCDA)
Oxidase positive

20
Q

What is the diagnosis and treatment for Campylobacter?

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A

Diagnosis: Faeces culture
Treatment – Rehydration, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Cotrimoxazole

21
Q

What organisms cause Leptospirosis?

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A

Spirochetes
- L. interrogans (>200 serotypes), L. biflexa
- L. interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae (Type strain – Leptospirosis)

22
Q

What animal is the resevoir for Leptospirosis??

23
Q

How do people become infected with Leptospirosis?

Study These Flashcards
A

People who come in contact with infected animal urine

24
Q

Clinical features of leptospirosis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Biphasic –
First phase: septicaemic – Flu like symptoms, cough, headache
Second phase: Immune – Anicteric (Aseptic meningitis) Icteric (Weil’s disease - Jaundice and Renal failure)

25
What is the diagnosis and treatment of leptospirosis?
Diagnosis: Blood, CSF, Urine – Dark Field microscopy , Culture, Serology (Microagglutination test), PCR, ELISA Treatment: Doxycycline, Penicillin G, Ceftrixone
26
What causes Lyme disease?
human acquire through tick bites (Borrellia burgdorferi)
27
Clinical features of Lyme disease?
Early localised (1week) – Expanding annular skin lesion - Erythema chronicum migrans (EM) Early Disseminated(Weeks/Months) – Malaise, lymphadenopathy, hepatitis, meningitis Late Persistent(within the first year) – Arthritis, Meningitis, Carditis
28
How is Lyme disease treated?
It is easily treated if detected early on but can be severe if treatment is delayed Treatment: Doxycycline, Amoxycillin, Cefuroxime
29
What are the tests for Lyme disease?
First test: Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) Immunoflourescence Assay (IFA) Second test: IgM and IgG Western Blot or IgG Western Blot ONLY
30
What organism causes Q fever?
Coxiella burneti
31
How is Q fever acquired?
- through occupational exposure to cattle or sheep - through unpasteurised milk - ticks are reservoirs - Ungulates (cattle) are usually asymptomatic
32
What are the clinical features of Q fever?
Inhalation, Proliferates in lungs- Hematogenous spread Acute Q fever – Fever, granulomatous hepatitis, pneumonia. Chronic Q fever (>6 months) – Endocarditis
33
Who are at risk of Q fever?
Pregnant and immunocompromised individuals
34
Diagnosis and treatment of Q fever.
Diagnosis: Serology-Immunofluosrescence, PCR Treatment: Usually self limiting BUT Chronic q fever – Doxycycline or chloramphenicol Endocarditis – Tetracycline with Rifampicin
35
What is toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasma gondii – coccidian parasite – Humans intermediate host
36
How many individuals are affected by toxoplasmosis?
- There are 350 cases reported annually in the UK, but the actual number could be as high as 350,000. - It is estimated that up to 1/3 or people will be infected during their life, but most people wont notice
37
Toxoplasmosis information
Although rare, congenital toxoplasmosis and in HIV infected individuals, it’s a common entity
38
How is toxoplasmosis contracted?
-The parasite is found in the faeces of infected cats -It can also be found in infected meats and so can be ingested; these include lamb and pork -Toxoplasmosis cannot be passed from person to person -It can be transmitted form infected organs during transplant
39
Clinical features of toxoplasmosis?
- Immunocompetent- Mostly asymptomatic, lymphadenopathy - Immunocompromised – CNS (focal neurological symptoms), Myocardial and Pulmonary (Pneumonitis) involvement - Congenital- Ocular (Chorioretinits), Hydrocephlus, jaundice, pneumonitis
40
Diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis?
Diagnosis: Serology (ELISA, Immunofluorescence), PCR, Histology (Tachyzoites in Tissues - fluorescence) Treatment: Pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine or clindamycin.
41
Summary of zoonotic diseases
- Many pathogens can be passed from animals to humans - Often these pathogens are reservoirs in the animals but cause infection the human host

Infection and immunity 2 (2 decks)

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