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PBIO 1140 > PBIO EXAM 1 > Flashcards

PBIO EXAM 1 Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

What is the “Life Process”?

A

Molecules, Cells, Embryo, Individual, Adaptation

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2
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A molecule is composed of two or more atoms that are forced together through sharing electrons.

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3
Q

What is a covalent chemical bond?

A

The forces of sharing electrons

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4
Q

Since breaking chemical bonds requires energy, a _____ represents
the smallest unit with the composition and properties of a substance.

A

Molecule

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5
Q

Which molecules make up the most dry weight?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids

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6
Q

What are the 6 major elements?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and sulfur

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7
Q

Types of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, Glyceraldehyde, Ribose, Glucose

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8
Q

What is the biological function of carbohydrates?

A

The most abundant organic molecule in nature and the primary energy-store molecules for life.

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9
Q

What is the biological functions of lipids?

A

Store energy, Cell membranes, stabilize membranes hormones, and protection

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10
Q

Other features of lipids

A

are non-polar molecules that will not dissolve in polar solvents such as water thus lipids are the ideal molecule for long term energy storage. they can be “put aside” in a cell and will not dissolve in the watery environment or “leak out” into the rest of the cell

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11
Q

Types of lipids

A

Phospholipids, steroids, cutin, suberin, wax

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12
Q

Types of Polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen, Fructan, (energy) cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitin (structure)

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13
Q

All carbonhydrates are composed of a monomer form, called ____ or sugar

A

saccharide

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14
Q

Function of Monosaccharides

A

ready energy source

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15
Q

Function of disaccharides

A

Two monosaccarides and transport form in plants

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16
Q

Polysaccarides

A

many monosaccharides, energy storage in plants

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17
Q

Starch

A

major energy storage in plants

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18
Q

Glycogen

A

major energy storage in prokaryotes, fungi, and animals

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19
Q

Cellulose

A

component of plant cell walls

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20
Q

Chitin

A

Component of fungal cell walls

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21
Q

Triglycerides

A

3 fatty acids + glycerol, energy storage

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22
Q

Oils

A

3 fatty acids + glycerol, major energy storage in seeds and fruits

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23
Q

Fats

A

major energy storage in animals

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24
Q

Phospholipids

A

2 fatty acids + glycerol + 1 phosphate group. Major component of all cell membranes

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25
Cutin, suberin, and waxes
vary complex lipid structures, protection
26
Steroids
Four linked hydrocarbon rings, components of cell membranes and hormones
27
Proteins
amino acids, numerous functions, including structural and catalytic (enzymes)
28
DNA
Nucleotides, carrier of genetic information
29
RNA
Nucleotides involved in protein synthesis
30
Robert Hooke
Coined the name of "cell"
31
Anton Van leeuwenhoek
The father of microbiology
32
Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of cells The chemical reactions of a living organism take place within cells Cells contain the hereditary information of the organism, and this information is passed form parent cell to daughter cell Cells arise from pre-existing cells (first proposed by Rudolf Virchow
33
Protista
One chamber, single cell organisms
34
Multicellular organisms
Fungi, plantae, and animalia
35
Prokaryotic cell
Single membrane surrounding the cell Thick cell walls, No nucleus, No membrane organelles, No cytoskeleton, and DNA is a single, twist circular chromosome
36
Prokaryotic vs Eurkaryotic cell
major cellular features o Major cellular features , A membrane bound nucleus, Internal organization, (organelles, cytoskeleton)
37
2 types of Science
descriptive (describe reality) Experimental hypothesis testing, the process of science is the formulation and testing of hypothesis.
38
Five steps of scientific approach
observation, question, hypothesis, test/experiment, conclusion
39
Hypothesis
testable, falsifiable, simple,
40
Experiments must be
testable, repeatable, falsifiable
41
How does science advance?
New instruments and methods, influence of social understanding of values, social needs, pure genius
42
Paradigms and scientific revolution
Paradigm: a model of concept generally accepted by a group of people, a way of thinking Revolution: a paradigm shift that makes the new paradigm superior to the old one explains wider range of phenomena, explains new findings better, Genetic engineering revolutionized biology
43
H20 functions
Repulsion Attraction Hydrogen Hydrophobic Attraction that brings oils back together in water Polar or nonpolar Charged or non-charged
44
Biological function of proteins
structure, enzymes, cellular regulators and messengers
45
Protein structure
hemoglobin and protein are the work horses
46
Carbohydrates
Cell wall - structure bread / rice - energy
47
Lipids
store energy, cell membranes, stabilize membranes / hormones, protection
48
Proteins
structure, enzymes, cellular regulators and messengers
49
Leaf
a dorsiventrally flattened organ of a vascular plant
50
petiole
a stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem
51
stem
the above ground vegetative organ that supports leaves and flowers
52
Root
a plant organ that typically grows underground to absorb water and mineral nutrient and stabilize the plant
53
Taproot
a large central and dominant part of the root system. it is also known as the primary root
54
Lateral roots
those root branches that emerge from the pericycle of the primary root. their horizontal growth dramatically expands the area of the root system
55
Xylem
one part of the vascular tissue in plants that conducts water and dissolved nutrients upward from the root and also helps to form woods element in the stem
56
Phloem
one part of the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.
57
Meristem
one type of plant tissues that consists of stem cells, which are undifferentiated and capable of cell division.
58
Terminal bud
the primary growing point at the top of a plant stem
59
axillary bud
an embryonic shoot located in the axil of a leaf
60
Phytomere
a repetitive functional unit of a plant that is continually produced from root and shoot meristems. A typical phytomere consists of a node to which a leaf is attached, a subtending internode, and an axillary bud at the base of the leaf.
61
Node
a point of attachment of a leaf of twig on the stem in seed plants. a node is a very small growth zone
62
Internode
a portion of a plant stem between nodes
63
inflorescence
a cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or complicated arrangement of branches
64
Pod
a type of plant fruit that holds seeds. it is composed of two valves that are derived from carpels and a central septum that bears seeds

PBIO 1140 (6 decks)

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