PBIO Final Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
Three Genomes Present in Plants
A
Mictochondiral, Chloroplast, and Nuclear
2
Q
Gregor Medel
A
Worked with pea plants, single gene inheritance and dihybrid crosses
3
Q
Thomas Hunt Morgan
A
Used Drosophila to make discoveries in linkage and crossovers. Along with the distance of genes on chromosomes
4
Q
Barbara McClintock
A
Used Maize to discover genetic recombination and transposons
5
Q
Chromatin
A
Makes up chromosomes, consists of DNA and proteins
6
Q
Forward Genetics
A
Genetic mutant’s phenotype is used to help find the mutant’s genotype
7
Q
Chiasma
A
Visual manifestaion of a crossover in chromosomes
8
Q
Recombination
A
Happens during meiosis in prophase II
9
Q
Alleles
A
One of the different forms of a gene that can exist in a single locus
10
Q
A/a
A
Indicates heterozygous allales and that they are on separate homologs
11
Q
AB/ab
A
Linked in cis
12
Q
A/a;B/b
A
Not linked genes
13
Q
Meselson and Stahl
A
Used E.Coli to determine that replication was semi-conservative
14
Q
Sanger
A
Came up with Sanger/Dideoxy sequencing
15
Q
Rich Jorgenson
A
Cosuppression using petunias
16
Q
Chargaff’s Rule
A
A=T and G=C
17
Q
Kary Mullis
A
Created PCR
18
Q
Shine-Dalgarno
A
Sequence in a prokaryotic organism that says the next AUG in the sequence is to be used to initiate translocation
19
Q
Okazaki Fragmens
A
Nucelotide fragments that are created while synthesizing the lagging strand
20
Q
Taq
A
Enzyme used in PCR because it is extremely heat resistant
21
Q
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
A
Joins amino acids to their correspnding tRNA
22
Q
Ubiquitination
A
Posttranslational modification that marks a protein for degradtion
23
Q
Release Factors
A
Bind to stop codons
24
Q
Operator
A
Binds to the bacterial repressor proteins
25
Three Modifications for mRNA
5' cap is added, introns are sliced and polyadenylation tail
26
Intron Splicing
Can lead to multiple proteins from one gene
27
Dideoxy Sequencing
Sequence is primed and put into a tube with dNTPs, ddATP and DNA polymerase. The dNTPs will pair with the template. If ddATP binds in place of dATP the sequence will stop pairing.
28
Teleomeres
Are shortened everytime it is synthezied. This can lead to cancer (due to rapid divison) and premature aging.
29
Genomics
Cloning and molecular characterizatoin of entire genomes
30
Proteomics
Large scale study of proteins in genomes
31
Bioinformatics
Group of methods that store, organize, and analyze biological data
32
Contig Assembly
Cut the genome into random fragments, make library of the fragments, sequence each clone, overlap the sequence reads, and overlap the contigs for a continuous sequence
33
Ordered-Clone Sequencing
Order large-insert clones by overlaping fingerprints to create a physical map, select clones with minimal overlap, divide into subclones, sequence subclones, assemble the subclones to create the sequence
34
Microarray
Set of DNAs containing all or more genes in a genome depsited on a small chip
35
Microarray Process
Exposed to two probes, hybridized, uses laser detection to revel the levels of expression
36
Yeast Two Hybrid Test
Measures protein-protein interactions
37
Yeast Two Hybrid Test Process
Binds a bait protein and a target protein to restore the use of the GAL4, one protein is spliced next to the binding domain and another to the activation domain. They are then put into the same yeast cell and observed
38
IS Elements
Segments of bacterial DNA that can move from one position on a chromosome to a different position on the same or different chromosome, interuppting the expression
39
Composite Transposons
Variety of gnes that reside between two IS elements that form inverted repeats. Transposase is needed to move the transposon
40
Simple Transposons
Bacterial genes that are flnaked by inverted repeats, but are too short. They incode their own transposase vs. IS associativity
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Replicative Transposition
Copy and paste
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Conservative Transposition
Cut and paste
43
Conintegrate
Replicative transposition happens and there I sone large plasmid that connects the original and new plasmids
44
Classes of Transposable Elements in Eukaryotes
Retrotransposons and DNA transposons
45
Retrotransposons
Found by Gerry Fink, employ reverse transcriptase to transpose through an RNA intermediate that produces a double stranded copy
46
DNA Transposons
Consist of P elements and Ac/Ds elements
47
P Elements
Resemble simple transposons of bactera because the ends are short Irs and it only encodes a single protein
48
Ac/Ds Elements
Ac has terminal Irs and transposase. Ds is nonautonomous and cannot encode transposase, so it can't move on its own
49
Two Types of Transposons in Humans
LINES and SINES
50
LINES
Moves like retrotransposons with the help of element-encoded reverse transcirptase
51
SINES
Short interspersed sequences that are nonautonomous and can't encode transcriptase
52
Why Transposons Don't Jump in Humans
Most are ancient and can no longer moved, plus they are never found in entrons
53
Synonymous Mutation
aka silent. A codon is altered, but the amino acid remains the same
54
Conservative Missense
An amino acid is changed, but doesn't affect the protein function
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Nonsense Mutation
Codon is now a stop signal
56
Indel
Insertions and deletions that can cause frameshifts
57
Consequences of mutations
Can alter mRNA splicing and can change the protein products
58
Intercalating Agents
A group of molecuels that mimics the base pairs and are able to slip themselves in between the stacked nitrogen bases at the core of the double helix
59
Ames Test
Loops to see if a compoud is mutagen by putting the chemical to be metabolized by liver cells and then seeing how it affects his- to his+ conversion
60
Photo Reactivation
(Direct reversal) The CPD enzyme splits a photdimer to repair the sequence. This requires light
61
Base Excision
Base is cleaved out out and the DNA is cut, the polymerase synthesizes the new DNA and the ligase seals it
62
Nucleotide Excision
Uses multiple protein complex to cut and repair, it sometimes need a bypass polymerase. The replication forks and transcription completes
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Mismatch
MutS recognizes the mismatch, MutH recognizes the parent and nicks the daughter strand, the new strand is excised and relaced
64
Translesion
Error prone repair. Bypass polymearse replaced the stalled pol III and continues the synthesis then falls off
65
Nonhomologus End Joining
Repairs double stranded breaks, but is error prone. It trims the ends of the break and uses ligase to reseal it
66
SDSA
Reparis double stranded breaks, error free. Ends are trimmed and the broken strand invades its sister chromatin and synthesizes. The DNA unwinds from the template and anneals
67
Euploid
A cell having any number of complete chromosome sets or an individual organism composed of such cells
68
Polyploid
A cell with three or more chromosome sets
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Autopolyploids
Have multiple chromosome sets originating from one species
70
Allopolyploids
Have sets from two or more species
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Colchicine
Used to induce polyploidy
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Aneuploid
Abnormal number of chromosomes
73
Acentric
A chromosome lacks a centromere
74
Down Syndrome
Caused by nondisjunction of chromosome 21, resulting in an extra chromosome
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Nondisjunction
Chromosomes fail to separate during division
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Paracentric Inversion
Inversion happens on the same side of the centromere
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Pericentric Inversion
Inversion happens on the other side of the centromere
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Reciprocal Translocation
Two chromosomes trade acentric fragments created by two simultanous chromosome breaks
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Translocations and Cancer
Alter proto-oncogenes that can result in cancer because a gene is either relocated next to a new regulatory sequence or there is a formation of a hybrid gene
80
Detect Variation
Through SNPs, microsatillites and haplotypes
81
Haplotype
Combination of alleles at adjacent locations on a chromosome that are inherited together
82
HapMap
Genomic wid haplotype map that has been gathered with human population genetics over the last decade
83
Gene Pool
Sum of total alleles in the breeding members of a population at a given time
84
Hardy-Weinberg Law
Equation that related the genotype frequencies and allele frequencies to a random mating population P2 + P2Q + P2 = 1
85
Assumptions
Population is large, mating is random, no immigration/emigration, no natural selection and no mutations
86
Sources of Variation
Mutations, migration, recombination and genetic drift
87
Force the Control Variation Fate
Genetic drift and natural selection
88
Quantitative Genetics
Traits show a continuous range of variation and do not behave in simple Mendelian fashion
89
QTL
Hereditary continuous variation
90
Complex Variation
Environmental and genetic
91
Broad-Sense heritability
Ratio of total genetic variance and total phenotypic variance
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Narrow-Sense heritability
Ratio of additive genetic variance and total phenotypic ratio
93
QTL Mapping
A method for locating QTL in the genome and characterizing the effects of QTL on trait variation
94
Natural Selection
Darwin theorized that populations change over time as the environment favors features that enhance the ability to survive and reproduce
95
Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution
Most mutations in DNA and amino acid replacements between species are fundamentally neutral
96
Ballard
I learned that there are sesveral different forms of radiation that could cause a population to rapidly diverify into several closely related species
