PBL 1 Flashcards
causes of proteinuria?
dehydration, inflammation, low bp, fever, intense exercise, emotional stress, aspirin therapy, exposure to cold, kidney stones in urinary tract, kidney disease, nephritic synsrome, pregnancy, preeclampsia
what do urine dipsticks tell us about?
urobilinogen, glucose, bilirubin, ketone, specific gravity, blood, pH, protein, nitrates and leukocytes
what could cause urobilinogen to be high?
liver disease/dmaage
urobilinogen overload caused by release of large quantities of Hb
what causes larger amounts of glucose in urine?
high blood sugar or kidney damage
what causes Hyperbilirubinemia?
liver disease
what causes high ketones in urine?
diabetic ketoacidosis
what causes increased specific gravity in urine?
Addison disease, heart failure, hypernatremia
what causes blood in urine?
UTI, kidney disease
what causes low pH in urine?
diabetic ketoacidosis, diarrhoea, metabolic acidosis
what causes high pH in urine?
kidney tubular acidosis, kidney failure
what does protein in the urine indicate?
kidney disease
what does nitrites in the urine indicate?
UTI
what do leukocytes in the urine indicate?
UTI
when and how is aldosterone released?
from adrenal glands in response to elevated levels of renin
what’s the effect of aldosterone?
binding to Na+/K+ aldosterone in principal cells sensitive pump driving K+ into urine and Na+ into blood. water follows into blood, increasing bp
it also stimulates H+ ATPase pumps in alpha intercalated cells in collecting duct which excretes more H+ into the urine
