PBL Unseen 1 Flashcards
What happens in a booking appointment
Should happen before you’re 10 weeks pregnant as some of the tests carried out need to be done before 10 weeks
In the first appointment: BMI of mother measured, BP, urine test for preeclampsia and blood test for HIV, syphilis or Hep B. Sickle cell and thalassaemia tests can also be carried out if it seems necessary
Information about the pregnancy is given to the mother
Maternity notes given = notes that record your health, appointments and test results - these notes should be carried everywhere until the baby is born, so a health care staff can read them in case of an emergency
name some different types of contraception
Hormonal = combined oestrogen and progesterone pills/patches or progesterone - only pills/injectables/implants/ vaginals
Barrier = condom, diaphragm, cervical cap
Intrauterine devices
Sterilization
Rhythm method
name and describe the emergency contraception
Levonelle - taken within 72 hrs bu most effective within 12 hrs
EllaOne - can be taken within 120 hrs but most effective as soon as possible after unprotected sex
IUD coil - most effective form of emergency contraception, must be fitted within 5 days of unprotected sex or if possible to calculate then up to 5 days after you ovulate
what is primary amenorrhoea
failure to begin menarche by the age of 16 in the presence of normal growth and secondary sexual characteristics
What is secondary amenorrhoea
absence of menstruation at any point after menarche
what causes primary amenorrhoea
Genetic causes - turner syndrome, androgen insensitivity
Developmental causes - gonadal dysgenesis, hypothalamic/pituitary failure, congenital adrenal hyperplasia
PCOS
What causes secondary amenorrhoea
Pregnancy
Conditions affecting hypothalamus - weight loss, stress, rigorous exercise, severe illness
Cancer
Hypothyroidism
Hyperandrogenism
Ovarian failure
PCOS
Medications
what are the common causes for irregular periods
Eating disorders, like anorexia and bulimia
Excessive weight gain or weight loss; extreme thinness and obesity both cause your menstrual cycle to become irregular or even to disappear
Stress or emotional problems
Hormonal problems, for example, when the thyroid malfunctions
Travel
Over-exercising: If you’re an athlete and train very hard, you may stop menstruating because your body wants to survive and save energy and menstruation requires energy
Problems with the pelvic organs (such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, for example)
Drugs like birth-control pills can affect the frequency and / or intensity of menstruation
Breastfeeding
what are the age related risks in pregnancy
Greater difficulty in initially conceiving a child, with the personal and psychological difficulties that this can cause.
Increased risk of complications for both mother and infant during pregnancy and delivery (although the actual size of the risk may be small).
Greater risk of general maternal health problems, such as high blood pressure, which can contribute to complications.
Higher risk of miscarriage in women above the age of 35.
Higher risk of having twins or triplets, which is itself associated with higher risk of complications.
Increased chance of having a baby with a congenital abnormality, such as Down’s syndrome.
Increased risk of pre-eclampsia.
Increased risk of complications during delivery, such as prolonged labour, need for assisted delivery or Caesarean section, or stillbirth.
How does a dipstick test work
The pregnancy test stick is dipped into urine. Urine containing human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) molecules move along the pregnancy test strip by capillary action.
The urine reaches the mobile Ab strip, the antibodies in the strip have blue beads attached (hence the labels on blue card) and the shape of the binding sites on the antibody are specific to the hCG molecule. The hCG molecules therefore bind to some of the mobile antibodies forming an hCG-antibody complex. At this point hCG learners link arms with a mobile antibody.
The urine continues to move along the pregnancy test stick taking the hCG-antibody complexes and the mobile antibodies that have no hCG bound with it to the Test strip.
At the test strip, hCG-antibody complexes bind to the immobile antibodies as there binding sites are also specific to the hCG molecules They now cannot move any further as they are ‘stuck’ to the strip and the blue beads give the strip it’s blue colour to show the woman is pregnant.
The urine continues to move along the strip, now carrying only the mobile antibodies that did not bind to hCG molecules. Once these reach the check strip, they bind to the immobilised antibodies there, the beads giving that strip a blue colour also. The remaining mobile antibodies link arms with the immobile antibodies in this section and hold up their blue labels. This strip is used to check that the pregnancy test stick is actually working (to reduce false negatives).
what are symptoms that are seen in both pregnancy and menopause
Changes in menstrual cycle
Fatigue and sleep problems
Mood changes
Headaches
Weight gain
Changes to urination
Changes to sex drive
Bloating and cramping
Hot flashes/night sweats
what are symptoms unique to pregnancy
Sensitive and swollen breasts
Nausea with or without vomiting
Constipation
Food sensitivity
what are symptoms unique to menopause
Loss of bone mass
Decrease in fertility
Vaginal dryness
Cholesterol changes and increased risk of heart disease
what are the short term menopause symptoms
Psychological
- Panic
- Depression
- Mood swings
- Insomnia
- Memory loss
Urogenital Urinary frequency Dysuria Stress and urge incontinence Vaginal dryness Dyspareunia
Collagen Dry inelastic skin Brittle nails Hair loss Joint/muscle pains
Vasomotor Hot flushes Night sweats Headaches Palpitations
what are the long term menopause symptoms
Genito-urinary Atrophic changes Prolapse Incontinence Depressed libido Dyspareunia
Skeletal
Osteopenia
Osteoporosis
Skin
Inelastic thin flaky skin
Easy bruising
Psychological
- Alzheimer’s Disease
CVS
Hyperlipidaemia
IHD
