pc0G Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
aka wood sugar
A
xylose
2
Q
is a pentose obtained by boiling corn cobs, straw, or similar materials with dilute add to hydrolyze the xylan polymer
A
xylose
3
Q
has a sweet taste and is normally absorbed from the small intestine, but it is not metabolized to a significant extent by mammalian enzyme
A
xylose
4
Q
relative excretion of xylose in the urine is indicative of ____
A
intestinal malabsorption
(i.e. celiac disease, sprue, crohn’s disease, pellagra, radiation enterititis, surgical resection)
5
Q
other names of glucose
A
- d-glucose
- grape sugar
- dextrose
- blood sugar
- physiologic sugar
- corn sugar
- d-glucopyanose
6
Q
amount of blood composed of glucose
A
80-120 mg
7
Q
a sugar that occurs naturally in grapes and other fruits
A
dextrose
8
Q
usually obtained by controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of starch
A
dextrose
or dextrates
9
Q
rigorous purification procedure of this yield 99.5-100% pure crystalline that is suitable for parental use
A
dextrose
10
Q
is a nutrient and may be given by mouth, by enema, by subcutaneous injection, or by intravenous injection, as required
A
dextrose
11
Q
is a purified mixture of saccharides; contains between 93-99% of dextrose equivalent calculated on dried basis
may also be anhydrous or hydrated
A
dextrates
12
Q
is used industrially as an agent of pharmaceutic necessity
A
dextrates
13
Q
these solid products are used as sweetening agents, as substitutes for sucrose in syrups, and as tablet binders and coating agents; they have replaced liquid glucose for many pharmaceutic purposes
A
dextrates
14
Q
obtained by the incomplete hydrolysis of starch
A
liquid glucose
15
Q
usually prepared by controlled acid hydrolysis of corn starch
A
liquid glucose
16
Q
a colorless or slightly yellow product in the form of a thick, sticky syrup solution; this product is nearly odorless and has a sweet taste
A
liquid glucose
17
Q
components of liquid glucose aside from dextrin
A
- maltose
- water
18
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
liquid glucose is a pharmaceutic necessity
A
TRUE
19
Q
is the calcium salt of gluconic acid
A
calcium gluconate
20
Q
is obtained by the oxidation of dextrose, either with chlorine or electrolytically in the presence of a bromide
can also be obtained by fermentation
A
gluconic acid
21
Q
is soluble in cold water and less irritating for parenteral use than calcium chloride
A
calcium gluconate
22
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
an electrolyte replenisher calcium gluconate is used to obtain the therapeutic effects of calcium
A
TRUE
23
Q
usual dose of calcium gluconate
A
1g orally, 3 or more x a day by IV infusion at intervals of 1-3 days
24
Q
are calcium salts of 7- and 5-carbon acids that are prepared semi-synthetically from readily available carbohydrates
A
- calcium gluceptate
- calcium levulinate
25
prepared from glucose via a **cyanohydrin intermediate**
glucoheptonic acid
26
can be prepared from starch or cane sugar by **boiling with hydrochloric acid**
levulinic acid
27
# TRUE OR FALSE
the salts of glucoheptonic acid and levulinic acid are not calcemic
FALSE
| **calcemic** -- used parenterally for therapeutics effects of calcium
28
**ferrous salt** of gluconic acid
ferrous gluconate
| a **hematinic** -- employed in iron deficiency anemia
29
usual prophylactic dose of ferrous gluconate
325mg/day, 4x a day
30
causes **less gastric distress than inorganic ferrous salts**
ferrous gluconate
31
other names for **fructose**
* levulose
* d-fructose
* d-fructopyranose
* fruit sugar
32
a sugar usually obtained by the **inversion of aqueous solutions of sucrose** and the subsequent **separation from glucose**
fructose
33
when **sucrose is hydrolyzed**, these are formed in **equal** quantities
* fructose
* dextrose (glucose)
34
is a **ketone sugar** that occurs naturally in most **sweet fruits and in honey**
fructose
35
is usually obtained from an **enzymatically prepared high-fructose syrup** but it may also be obtained by the **hydrolysis of inulin** (fructosan)
fructose
36
occurs as colorless crystals or as a white, crystalline or granular, odorless powder that has a sweet taste; freely soluble in water
fructose
37
used as a **food for diabetic people** and may be of particular benefit in **diabetic acidosis**
fructose
38
present in **feeding formulas** and produces **less urinary secretion than glucose** when given parenterally
fructose
39
prepared by **controlled enzymatic isomerization** of glucose
high-fructose sweeteners
40
amount of fructose present in high-fructose corn syrups
up to 90%
41
aka brain sugar
galactose
42
# TRUE OR FALSE
galactose is **slowly** absorbed in the **small intestine**
FALSE
| rapidly absorbed
43
deficiency in **galactase**
galactosemia
44
the body can no longer metabolize the sugar because of **too much galactose in the blood**
| follows a deficiency in an enzyme galactase
galactosemia
45
# TRUE OR FALSE
if a **galactosemic infant is given milk**, unmetabolized **milk sugars build up** and damage the liver, eyes, kidneys, and brain
TRUE
46
galactosemia means
"galactose in the blood"
47
has the **capacity to oxidize** both aldehyde and primary alcoholic groups present at C1 and C6 respectively of **galactose** to yield an insoluble precipitate (rod-shaped crystals) of **mucic acid** under higher temperature
nitric acid
| in mucic acid test or galactaric acid test
48
the **only disaccharide that occurs** abundantly **in the free state in plants**, although maltose has occasionally been reported in the cell sap
sucrose
49
sucrose sources
* fruit juices
* sugar **cane** (*Sacharum officinarum*) Poaceae
* sugar **beet** (*Beta vulgaris*) Chenopodiaceae
* sap of certain **maples** (*Acer saccharum*) Aceraceae
50
# TRUE OR FALSE
sucrose is a **reducing sugar**
FALSE
| **non-reducing sugar**
51
# TRUE OR FALSE
sucrose is also known as **saccharum** or sugar and is widely distributed in plants
TRUE
52
# TRUE OR FALSE
in sufficient concentration in aqueous solution, sugar is **bacteriostatic and preservative**
TRUE
53
**enzymatic hydrolysis** of starch
maltose
54
although **seldomly occurring in free state** in nature, is **produced in large quantities by the hydrolysis of starch** during the **germination of barley and other grains** (**diastatic fermentation**)
maltose
55
glucose + glucose
maltose
56
glucose + fructose
| but not a reducing sugar
sucrose
57
enzymatic breakdown of **cellulose**
cellobiose
58
enzymatic breakdown of **ergot, rhodophyceae, yeasts**
trehalose
59
obtained from enzymatic breakdown of ***Sophora japonica*** (pagoda tree) or **hydrolysis of stevioside**
sophorose
60
can be obtained from **meadow wort** (*Filipendula ulmaria*) or **hydrolysis of spiraein**
primeverose
61
glucose + xylose
primeverose
62
aka milk sugar
lactose
63
is the fresh, unpasteurized, or **pasteurized milk of *Bos taurus*** Linne, without modification
cow's milk
64
has a **minor role in establishing the intestinal microflora** because it provides the **preferred substrate for lactobacilli**
lactose
65
is prepared by **partial evaporation of milk** in a vacuum and consequent sterilization in hermetically sealed containers **by autoclaving**
condensed milk
66
prepared by **evaporating milk with an extract of malt**; low heat and vacuum are used to prevent the destruction of enzymes
malted milk
67
caused by a **deficiency of** the intestinal enzyme **lactase** that splits lactose into two smaller sugars, glucose and galactose, and allows lactose to be absorbed from the intestine
lactose intolerance
68
this **contains an enzyme lactase** that helps break down the naturally-occurring lactose into two simple sugars, glucose and galactose
lactose-free milk
69
a **semisynthetic sugar** prepared by **alkaline rearrangement of lactose**
lactulose
70
what do lactulose yields upon hydrolysis?
* galactose
* fructose
71
is **poorly absorbed**, and most orally ingested lactulose **reaches the colon unchanged**
lactulose
72
bacteria in the colon **metabolize **the disaccharide to acetic and lactic acids, and sufficient accumulation of these irritating acids causes a **laxative effect** of ____
lactulose
73
daily dose of lactulose effective in chronic constipation
10-20g
74
the most significant therapeutic use of lactulose is to **decrease** the blood ammonia concentration by **by 25-50%** in ____
portal-systemic encephalopathy
| 20-30g of lactulose as a syrup for 3-4x a day
75
**lactulose brand names** used for constipation due to their laxative effect
* lilac
* duphalac
76
composed of **3 sugar units** or monosaccharides bonded together by glycosidic bond
trisaccharides
77
**4 sugar units** or four monosaccharides bonded together by glycosidic bond
tetrasaccharides
78
what does **stachyose** yield upon hydrolysis?
* 2 galactose
* 1 glucose
* 1 fructose
79
from tuber of *Stachys japonica*
stachyose
80
is the liquid expressed from the fresh, ripe fruit of ***Primus cerasus***; contains **NLT 1% of malic acid**
cherry juice
| aka **succus cerasi**
81
**used in the preparation of cherry syrup**, a flavored vehicle that serves as a pleasant disguising agent in pharmaceutic mixtures, especially those of an acidulous nature
cherry juice
82
it was first isolated in crystal form from **lemon juice** by **Scheele in 1784**
citric acid
83
present in many fruits and plants and is obtained commercially from **lemons, limes, or pineapples**, but mostly by **fermentation of sucrose**
citric acid
84
appears as colorless, odorless, translucent crystals and is readily soluble in water and alcohol
citric acid
85
particularly **useful in buffering systems** and used as an **acidulant in effervescent** formulations
citric acid
86
aka lactic acid
hydroxylpropionic acid
87
available as a colorless or yellowish, nearly odorless, syrupy liquid; it is miscible with water, alcohol, and ether
lactic acid
88
obtained by the **lactic fermentation** of sugars or is prepared **synthetically**
lactic acid
89
used as an acidulant, especially in infant feeding formulas
lactic acid
90
an electrolyte replenisher and is used in the treatment of **metabolic acidosis**
sodium lactate injection
91
usual oral dose of **calcium lactate**
1-3g
92
other name of **oxalic acid**
ethanedioic acid
93
the only use of oxalic acid
bleaching agent
94
other names of succinic acid
* butanedioic acid
* ethane-1-2-dicarboxylic acid
95
a water-soluble, colorless crystal with an **acid taste** that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of **lacquers**, and to make **perfume esters**
succinic acid
96
uses of succinic acid
* sequestrant
* buffer
* neutralizing agent
97
aka 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid
malic acid
98
is an organic compound that is naturally found in fruits such as **apples** (contributes to the sourness of **green apples**); also present in **grapes** and gives a **tart taste** to wine
malic acid
99
often taken as a supplement, especially for the treatment of **fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome**
| known for its ability to **increase energy and exercise tolerance **
malic acid
100
amount of malic acid present in cherry juice
NLT 1%
101
aka dihydroxybutanedioic acid
tartaric acid
102
a dicarboxylic acid obtained as a **byproduct of the wine industry**
tartaric acid
103
used as a **substitute for citric acid** in buffer systems and in effervescent formulations
tartaric acid
104
fumarate intermediate that is used by the cells to produce energy in the form of ATP, **formed by the oxidation of succinate** by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase
fumaric acid/fumarate
105
fumarate is converted by the enzyme ____ to malate
fumarase
106
# TRUE OR FALSE
the body is **incapable** of producing fumaric acid
FALSE
| human skin **naturally** produces fumaric acid when exposed to sunlight
107
uses of fumaric acid
* **fumaric acid** -- food acidulant since 1946
* **fumarate** -- byproduct of urea cycle
108
sources of fumaric acid
* fumitory (Fumaria officinalis)
* bolete mushrooms (Boletus fomentarius)
* lichen
* iceland moss
109
hematinic agent comparable to ferrous gluconate
ferrous fumarate
110
usual therapeutic dose of ferrous fumarate
200mg, 3-4x a day
