PCH 265 Flashcards
(30 cards)
What is Disease
Deviation from normal structure or function that interrupts or modifies the performance of vital functions
How do we recognize disease?
Signs- Signs are evidence of disease observed on physical examination, such as abnormal pulse or respiratory rate, fever, and sweating.
Symptoms-Symptoms are indications of disease reported by the patient, such as pain, dizziness, and itching.
Syndrome-A syndrome is an abnormal structure or function characterized by a group of signs and symptoms that usually occur together. Examples of syndromes include acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), malabsorption syndrome, and Down syndrome
Describe the course of disease
Prognosis-The physician, having made a diagnosis, may state the prognosis of the disease, or its predicted course and outcome. The prognosis may state the chances for complete recovery, predict the permanent loss of function, or give probability of survival.
Acute-acute disease has a sudden onset and short duration. Influenza, measles, and the common cold are examples of acute infections.
Terminal-Diseases that will end in death are called terminal.
Chronic-A chronic disease has a slower, less severe onset and a long duration of months or years. Examples of chronic diseases include heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, and arthritis.
Remission-The period of a chronic disease when signs and symptoms subside.
Exacerbation- Period of a chronic disease when signs and symptoms recur in all their severity.
Relapse-A relapse describes the return of a disease weeks or months after its apparent cure.
Complication-A complication is a related disease or other abnormal state that develops in a person already suffering from a disease
Sequela-A sequela of rheumatic fever is permanent damage to the heart and a sequel of polio is paralysis.
Describe disease occurrence
Mortality- Number of deaths attributed to a disease in a given time or place.
Morbidity-Morbidity is the number of cases of a disease in a population.
Incidence-Rate of occurrence of new cases of a particular disease in a population being studied.
Prevalence- Percentage of a population that is affected with a particular disease at a given time.
Epidemiology- Study of the occurrence, transmission, and control of diseases.
Causes of disease
Etiology-Cause of a disease.
Pathogenesis-Source or cause of an illness or abnormal condition and its development.
Idiopathic- Describes a disease for which the cause
is not known.
Hereditary-Abnormality in an individual’s
genes or chromosomes.
Congenital- Exist at or date from birth; can
be acquired through heredity or acquired
during development in the uterus.
Degenerative- Function or structure of the
affected tissues or organs progressively
deteriorates over time.
Inflammatory, Autoimmune, Allergic-Result of abnormal immune function; infec
tious
diseases are caused by pathogens
such as bacteria and viruses.
Neoplastic-Result from abnormal growth
that leads to the formation of tumors.
Metabolic- Disruption of normal metabo
Lism,
Traumatic- Physical or chemical injury.
Nutritional- Over- or under consumption of
nutrients.
What is immunity?
Ability of the body to resist disease.
Describe nonspecific (innate) and specific (adaptive) immunity
Innate immunity is our natural defense like like our skin and immune cells. Adaptive immunity adapts to specific threats with antibodies and specialized cells.
Describe the physical, chemical and cellular defenses of nonspecific immunity
non-specific (innate) immunity uses physical barriers like our skin and mucous membranes chemical substances like stomach acid and antimicrobial peptides and cellular defense by immune cells to protect against pathogens.These defense mechanisms work together to keep us healthy and fight off infections
Describe humoral & cell mediated immunity (You do not need to know the
immunoglobulin function)
What is autoimmunity?
is the condition that occurs when the immune response fails to recognize a self-molecule as self and produces an immune response to it.
What is autoimmune disease?
failure of immune tolerance activated cells and antibodies attacks the body own tissue
Identify autoimmune diseases
Autoimmune diseases are conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis lupus and multiple sclerosis
Principles of infectious disease
Pathogen –a disease-causing microorganism that grows in or on the body, damaging tissue, inducing inflammation & triggering familiar signs & symptoms associated with particular infections
Contagious / Communicable -Infectious diseases transmitted by human contact
Epidemiology–the study of the transmission, occurrence, distribution, & control of disease
Incidence- is the number of new cases in a defined place and time, usually expressed as a rate
Prevalence- is the number of new cases in a defined place and time
Endemic – a disease that always occurs in the population at low levels
Sporadic – occurs randomly w no known cause
Epidemic – an increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area in a given time
Pandemic – and epidemic involving several areas worldwide
Outbreak – when a disease suddenly occurs in unexpected
numbers in a limited area and then subsides
Cluster – 2 or more cases of a relatively uncommon event or disease related in time and/or place perceived to be greater than expected by chance.
Transmission of disease & chain of infection (6 steps)
The transmission of disease is often described through the chains of infection which includes six components :infectious agent reservoir, portal of exit mode of transmission portal of entry and susceptible host
Control of infectious disease
Etiologic agents (pathogens) (not in detail, just a basic understanding of what it IS
and what it CAUSES. For example, a virus is genetic material wrapped in a protein
coat that causes an infection; helminthes are parasitic worms that cause
infestations…)
Etiology agents also known as pathogens are microoganisms or substances that can cause diseases in humans. The agents can enter the body through various means such as through the air contaminated food or through direct contact with an infected person.
Identify vaccine preventable illnesses
vaccine preventable illnesses are diseases that can be prevented by vaccines .Some examples include measles mumps rubella polio hepatitis B and influenza .
Pertussis. Pneumococcal disease. Rota-virus gastroenteritis. Tetanus (non-neonatal)
What is cancer?
- Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
What are the leading sites leading deaths due to cancer?
Prostate
Lung and bronchus
colon and rectum
urinary bladder
melanoma
kidney and renal pelvis
breast
uterine
thyroid
Non - Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Tumor formation
Tumor (neoplasm)
* Benign
* Not cancer
* Malignant
* Cancer
Risk factors for cancer
- Age
- Tobacco Use
- Infections
- Radiation
- Immunosuppressive medications
Genes & Inheritance
Alleles (2 for each trait)
– Forms of the same genes with small differences which
contribute to unique features
– In pairs
* Heterozygous (dissimilar pair of genes)
– 1 dominant (expressed)/ 1 recessive (masked)
* Homozygous (idenTcal pair of genes)
* Both alleles dominant
– Co-dominant
– Both traits expressed
* Both alleles recessive
– Can only expressive recessive trait if both alleles recessive
* Genotype - The set of genes responsible for a trait
* Phenotype - Physical expression
Transmission of hereditary diseases
- Autosomal Dominant Disorders
– Huntington’s Disease
– Polydactyly
– Achondroplasia
– Marfan syndrome
Transmission of hereditary diseases
– Polydactyly- An autosomal domimant disorder that causes extra finger or toes
– Achondroplasia - An autosomal dominat disorder of defective cartilage information in the fetus.
Marfan syndrome- An autosomal dominant disorder that results from the dysfunction of the gene that codes for the connective tissue protein fibrillin.
Huntington’s Disease- Progressive breakdown of nerve cells in brain
– Destroys neurons involved in movement, intellect & emotions
* Characterized by uncontrollable movement of limbs, trunk & face; loss of mental abilities; psychiatric problems
* Progresses without remission
10-25 years
* Usually appears in middle age
– 30-50
– Can develop in younger & older
– Juvenile HunTngton’s = 16%
* No specific populaTon
* Unaffected child of a parent with HunTngton’s
cannot transmit
