PCQ

Question 1

chromosome

Answer 1

large DNA molecule with proteins bound, making up the bulk of genetic material in the cell

Question 2

nucleoid

Answer 2

membrane-less region where the chromosomes reside (only in eukaryotes)

Question 3

nucleus

Answer 3

organelle containing chromosomes (only in eukaryotes)

Question 4

ribosome

Answer 4

large complex of RNA and protein that makes proteins

Question 5

organelle

Answer 5

membrane-bound compartment; eukaryotic cells have a larger number of these than prokaryotic cells

Question 6

All cells require the ability to separate the outside environment from the inside of the cell. The cell structure that does this for all cells is called the __________, though some cells also have a rigid __________ which is located on the __________ of the __________. Additional structural support for the cell comes from the __________, which also plays an important role in the movement of material inside cells, as well as whole cell movements.

Answer 6

plasma membrane
cell wall
outside
plasma membrane
cytoskeleton

Question 7

While many eukaryotic proteins are produced in the cytosol, some (that are destined to be part of certain organelles or secreted from the cell) are made in a special place in the cell. This place is called the:

Answer 7

Rough ER

Question 8

lysosome

Answer 8

contains specialized proteins that breakdown other proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids in animal cells

Question 9

vacuole

Answer 9

stores ions or other molecules; found only in cells of some eukaryotes

Question 10

peroxisomes

Answer 10

detoxifies reaction products that would be toxic to the cell

Question 11

mitochondria

Answer 11

produces a stored form of cellular energy (ATP) from carbohydrates and fats

Question 12

chloroplasts

Answer 12

converts sunlight into sugar through photosynthesis; only found in some eukaryotic cells

Question 13

What is equivalent to 100 um? (check all that apply)

a. 100000 nm
b. 0.1 mm
c. 0.1 cm
d. 100000 mm
e. 0.1 nm
f. 100000 cm

Answer 13

a. 100000 nm

b. 0.1 mm

Question 14

A spectrophotometer can report on how much of a substance is present in a solution by directly measuring the amount of light that:

a. is deflected by the sample
b. gets through the sample
c. is in the sample
d. the sample absorbs

Answer 14

b. gets through the sample

Question 15

For an atom, __________ carry negative charge and protons carry positive charge. The number of __________ corresponds to an element’s __________ and if the an atom is neutral in charge, the number of electrons it has is equal to __________.

Answer 15

electrons
protons
protons
atomic number
the number of protons

Question 16

electron shell

Answer 16

grouping of regions in which electrons are located

Question 17

valence shell

Answer 17

outermost grouping of regions where electrons are located

Question 18

valence electrons

Answer 18

electrons that are only found in the outermost grouping (valence shell)

Question 19

Electronegativity is defined as:

a. how strongly attracted electrons are by an atom’s nucleus
b. how many electrons an atom has
c. how negatively charged an atom is

Answer 19

a. how strongly attracted electrons are by an atom’s nucleus

Question 20

Which of the following is a feature of structural formulas in representing molecules?

a. most compact type of formula
b. depicts the relative sizes of atoms
c. depicts geometry in 2 dimensions (2-D)
d. depicts geometry in 3 dimensions (3-D)

Answer 20

c. depicts geometry in 2 dimensions (2-D)

Question 21

Which of the following best describes a “chemical bond”, whether covalent or not?

a. it is created when two atoms are forced to interact
b. it involves attraction between two atoms
c. it is an unbreakable link between two atoms
d. it involves sharing of electrons between two atoms

Answer 21

b. it involves attraction between two atoms

Question 22

A __________ is a building block used to build a biomolecule (most of which are called macromolecules), often covalently bonded to a few others to form a __________ or many others to form a __________.

Answer 22

monomer
oligomer
polymer

Question 23

residue

Answer 23

amino acid in a polymer

Question 24

polypeptide

Answer 24

amino acid polymer of >50 amino acids, not necessarily functional

Question 25

protein

Answer 25

complete, functional form of a folded amino acid polymer; it can involve multiple amino acid polymers

Question 26

nucleotides corresponding polymer

Answer 26

nucleic acids

Question 27

amino acid corresponding polymer

Answer 27

polypeptides or proteins

Question 28

monosaccharides (sugars) corresponding polymer

Answer 28

carbohydrates or polysaccharides

Question 29

fatty acids corresponding polymer

Answer 29

fats and membrane lipids

Question 30

Which of the following functional groups can be found on the amino acid Serine (S, Ser)? (check all that apply) a. carbonyl b. amino c. hydroxyl d. sulfhydryl e. phosphate f. carboxyl

Answer 30

b. amino c. hydroxyl f. carboxyl

Question 31

protein functions

Answer 31

move large molecules around in cells

Question 32

nucleic acid functions

Answer 32

store genetic information

Question 33

carbohydrate and polysaccharide functions

Answer 33

are stored compounds made of C, H, and O atoms that can be broken down to supply energy

Question 34

fats and membrane functions

Answer 34

define cellular compartments and the cell interior

Question 35

primary structure

Answer 35

amino acid sequence

Question 36

secondary structure

Answer 36

alpha helices and beta sheets

Question 37

tertiary structure

Answer 37

combinations of alpha helices, beta sheets and unstructured regions

Question 38

quaternary structure

Answer 38

associations of >1 polypeptide

Question 39

Which level of protein structure does not exist in all proteins?

Answer 39

quaternary structure

Question 40

What types of bonds form the polypeptide backbone in a protein (check all that apply)? a. peptide b. hydrogen c. disulfide d. covalent e. ionic f. non-covalent

Answer 40

a. peptide | d. covalent

Question 41

What types of non-covalent bonds/interactions contribute to the folded structures of proteins (check all that apply)? a. peptide bonds b. hydrogen bonds c. ionic bonds d. hydrophobic interactions e. disulfide bonds

Answer 41

b. hydrogen bonds c. ionic bonds d. hydrophobic interactions

Question 42

Which amino acid(s) can form disulfide bonds (also known as disulfide bridges)? (check all that apply) a. methionine b. aspartate c. cysteine d. serine

Answer 42

c. cysteine

Question 43

Which of the following amino acids have side chains (also known as "R" groups) that can form ionic bonds? (check all that apply) a. alanine b. aspartic acid c. proline d. glycine

Answer 43

b. aspartic acid

Question 44

conservation of mass

Answer 44

All atoms in a reaction must also appear in the product(s).

Question 45

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 45

It isn't possible to use up energy.

Question 46

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 46

Everything tends towards disorder.

Question 47

Potential energy is energy stored in a position or configuration of matter. Which of the following are examples of this type of energy (check all that apply)? a. Chemical bond energy b. heat c. chemical gradients d. movement of molecules

Answer 47

a. Chemical bond energy | c. chemical gradients

Question 48

A spontaneous reaction will always involve an increase in _________ and/or a decrease in __________.

Answer 48

entropy | enthalpy

Question 49

A reaction is said to be at equilibrium when delta G is:

Answer 49

=0

Question 50

Which of the following is synonymous with (ie. means the same as) the term "spontaneous" (check all that apply)? a. delta G >0 b. requires sustained input of energy c. delta G <0 d. endergonic e. doesn't require sustained input of energy f. exergonic

Answer 50

c. delta G <0 e. doesn't require sustained input of energy f. exergonic

Question 51

For the spontaneous reaction B -> A + C, A could represent (check all that apply): a. energy released b. a reactant c. a product d. an enzyme

Answer 51

a. energy released | c. a product

Question 52

If you were measuring the number of amino acids found in particular types of proteins, what would be considered the independent variable? a. the number of amino acids b. the types of amino acid c. the types of protein d. the number of protein types

Answer 52

c. the types of protein

Question 53

If you were measuring the number of amino acids found in particular types of proteins, what would be considered the dependent variable? a. the number of amino acids b. the number of protein types c. the types of proteins d. the types of amino acids

Answer 53

a. the number of amino acids

Question 54

Which of the following are true? (check all that apply) a. Enzymes are non-protein macromolecules. b. Most proteins are enzymes. c. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. d. Most enzymes are proteins.

Answer 54

c. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. | d. Most enzymes are proteins.

Question 55

Enzymes function as __________ for biological reactions, binding strongly to __________ .

Answer 55

catalysts | reactants/substrates

Question 56

cytoskeletal filament that myosin moves on

Answer 56

actin filaments

Question 57

cytoskeletal filament that kinesin moves on

Answer 57

microtubules

Question 58

cytoskeletal filament that dynein moves on

Answer 58

microtubules

Question 59

What do all enzymes do (check all that apply)? a. release the chemical bond energy in ATP to drive other reactions or do work b. lower activation energy of reactions c. speed up reactions d. lower free energy of reactions

Answer 59

b. lower activation energy of reactions | c. speed up reactions

Question 60

Which of the following types of enzyme regulators function by binding to the active site of an enzyme? a. Competitive inhibitors b. Allosteric inhibitors c. Competitive activators d. Allosteric activators

Answer 60

a. Competitive inhibitors