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A - Clinical pathology > PCV and TPP > Flashcards

PCV and TPP Flashcards

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1
Q

For haemorrhage what will the TP, PCV and appearance of plasma be?

A

Decreased TP
Decreased PCV
Clear plasma

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2
Q

For Intravascular haemolysis what will the TP, PCV and appearance of plasma be?

A

Normal/increased TP
Decreased PCV
Red plasma

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3
Q

For Extravascular haemolysis what will the TP, PCV and appearance of plasma be?

A

Normal/increased TP
Decreased PCV
Clear plasma

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4
Q

For dehydration what will the TP, PCV and appearance of plasma be?

A

Increased TP
Increased PCV
Clear plasma

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5
Q

What must you do to a sample immediately before testing?

A

Mix it

-manually or tilting rack/wheel

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6
Q

Is PCV and HCT measured or calculated?

A

PCV is measured

HCT is calculated

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7
Q

What are the units used for PCV and HCT?

A

PCV is a %

HCT is L/L

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8
Q

What is PCV and HCT a measure of?

A

The proportion of blood composed of erythrocytes

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9
Q

Can PCV or HCT have a higher perceived value?

A

PCV can be slightly higher

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10
Q

How much should you fill a microcapillary tube for PCV?

A

3/4 full - Although you don’t need to be exact

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11
Q

What tubes can you use blood from for a PCV?

A

Something with an anticoagulant - EDTA or Heparin

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12
Q

Describe the process of measuring PCV manually?

A

3/4 fill a microcapillary tube with blood from a EDTA or Heparin tube
Plug one end with plasticine
Microcapillary centrifuge making sure it is balanced first
Use microhaematocrit reader to determine PCV

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13
Q

Do you need to calibrate a microhaematocrit reader?

A

Yes

You manually move the microcapillary tube and line to calibrate

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14
Q

What 4 things can be found in the buffy coat of a microhaematocrit tube?

A

WBC’s
Platelets
Mast cells - esp. cat tumours
Parasites - microfilaria

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15
Q

What 2 things is the plasma in a microhaematocrit tube be useful for?

A

Appearance - icterus, haemolysis, lipaemia

Total plasma protein

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16
Q

What can cause yellow pigmentation of a microhaematocrit tube?

A

Icterus - hyperbilirubinemia

Large animals from carotene pigments in diet

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17
Q

What can cause a white/opaque colouring of a microhaematocrit tube?

A

Lipaemia - chylomicrons

Either postprandial or disease

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18
Q

What can cause a red colouration of a microhaematocrit tube?

A

Haemoglobin from haemolysis
Either in-vitro from technique or lipaemia
or in-vivo from haemolytic anaemia - intravascular haemolysis

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19
Q

How does a refractometer measure?

A

By estimating the concentration of solute in fluid - solute bends light

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20
Q

What is a problem with measuring estimated total protein by refractometer?

A

It is used to measure protein but other solutes also affect measurement

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21
Q

What 4 things can cause artefactually increase the TPP from a refractometer?

A

Lipaemia
Urea
Glucose
Cholesterol

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22
Q

How does a Quantitative buffy coat work?

A

By density gradient centrifugation and acridine orange dye
Separates cells to count them by variable desnity
Cannot tell difference between some cells - lymphocytes and monocytes

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23
Q

How does an impedence coulter counter work?

A

Each cell that passes through the aperture causes a change in electrical resistance and is detected

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24
Q

How does laser and special stains haematology instruments work?

A

Use impedence, laser flow cytometry and stains which assess size and internal complexity of cells to differentiate
Can work out specific cell types

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25
What are the 3 general types of haematology instruments?
Quantitative buffy coat Impedence coulter counter Laser and special stains
26
What is the HGB?
Haemoglobin concentration
27
What is the HCT?
Haematocrit | -Volume of RBC's per litre of whole blood
28
What is the MCV?
Mean cell volume | -Average RBC size
29
What is the MCHC?
Mean cell haemoglobin concentration | -Average concentration of Hgb per RBC
30
What is the RDW?
Red blood cell distribution width | -coefficient of variation of RBC size
31
What is the reticulocyte Ab count?
Absolute reticulocyte concentration
32
What 3 haemogram parameters are measured instead of calculated?
HCT MCHC RDW
33
How can you manually measure the HCT by using the PCV value?
Measure PCV manually and divide by 100 | - HCT=PCV/100
34
What should be the correlation between the HCT and Hgb values be?
HCT should be 3 times the Hgb | - HCT = 3xHgb
35
What can cause an increase in MCV?
Macrocytosis
36
What can cause a decrease in MCV?
Microcytosis
37
What can cause an increase in RDW%
Significant macrocytosis Significant microcytosis Regeneration
38
What can cause an increase in RBC, HGB and HCT values?
Erythrocytosis - polycythaemia
39
What can cause a decrease in RBC, HGB and HCT values?
Anaemia
40
What are 2 causes of microcytosis?
Iron deficiency | Portosystemic shunt
41
What are 3 causes of macrocytosis?
Regeneration FeLV Artefact - agglutination or old sample
42
What is a cause of hypochromasia?
Blood loss
43
What is a cause of hyperchromasia?
Is none since you can't exceed the saturation level
44
What is a better reflection of red cell size - MCV or RDW?
RDW - reflects the spread of size | While MCV is just the average size
45
What is the MCHC index across most mammals?
320 - 360 g/L | It is physiologically conserved across most mammals -except higher in camelid species
46
What 4 things can affect the HGB?
Haemolysis Lipaemia Heinz bodies Spherocytosis
47
What 3 things should you look at if trying to identify anaemia?
PCV RBC count Hgb
48
In order rank bone marrow response greatest to least in the horse, cow, cat and dog?
Dog Cat Equine and ruminants
49
What SI unit are the associated WBC portion of a biochemistry report used?
x 10^9 / L
50
What is the TNC?
Total nucleated cell count | - WBC + nRBC (immature nucleated RBC)
51
What is the white blood cell differential count?
Determines the number of each type of white blood cell present in blood - it is a concentration not an absolute value
52
How do you calculate the absolute white blood cell differential count?
WBC x 10^9/L x % of each type | -Percentages can be misleading
53
In cats, dogs and horses what are the 1st and 2nd predominate WBC's?
Predominate neutrophils | 2nd - lymphocytes
54
In cows what are the 1st and 2nd predominate WBC's?
Lymphocytes | 2nd - neutrophils
55
What WBC do you normally not see many of?
Basophils
56
What species have a less pronounced WBC response to inflammation and why is this important?
Horses and cattle Because a small increase in WBC is significant If you do suspect inflammation in these then look at fibrinogen and serum amyloid A
57
Which bovine disease is unusual with respect to the leukocyte response?
Bovine Ephemeral Fever | Causes high neutrophilia with a left shift
58
What is an increase in WBC's called?
Leukocytosis
59
What is a decrease in WBC's called?
Leukopaenia
60
What is a big decrease in all WBC's called?
Panleukopaenia
61
What is an increase in neutrophils called?
Neutrophilia
62
What is a decrease in neutrophils called?
Neutropaenia
63
What is an increase in lymphocytes called?
Lymphocytosis
64
What is a decrease in lymphocytes called?
Lymphopaenia
65
What is an increase in monocytes called?
Monocytosis
66
What is an increase in eosinophils called?
Eosinophilia
67
What is a decrease in eosinophils called?
Eosinopaenia
68
What is an increase in basophils called?
Basophilia
69
When should you do a corrected WBC count?
Where there are over 5 nucleated RBC per 100 WBC
70
How can epinephrine affect leukocyte response?
Increase in WBC, Seg and Lymph (cat)
71
How can glucocorticoids affect leukocyte response?
Increase in WBC, Seg and decreased Lymph
72
How can acute inflammation affect leukocyte response?
Increase WBC, Seg, Bands and variable decrease in Lymph
73
How can chronic inflammation affect leukocyte response?
Variable increases in WBC, Seg, Band and Lymph
74
How can overwhelming an animal affect leukocyte response?
Decreased WBC and Seg, Variable increase Band and variable decrease Lymph
75
What are 3 clinical limitations of measuring WBC's?
Doesn't identify specific aetiological agents Cannot indicate the site of inflammation May not identify presence of inflammation
76
What 2 body sites may not show up as having inflammation on a biochemistry report of WBC's?
Bladder and GIT | - considered external by the body and may not show up until disease corrodes into the tissue
77
What causes an increased platelet count?
Thrombocytosis - physiological (epinephrine or splenic contraction) - 2ndry to inflammation or neoplasia - iron deficiency
78
What can a decreased platelet count lead to?
Thrombocytopaenia | Spontaneous haemorrhage if under 30 x 10^9/L
79
What causes an increase in mean platelet volume?
Immature platelets suggestive of thrombopoiesis

A - Clinical pathology (3 decks)

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