Pe Antomy And Physiology

Question 1

What is Gaseous exchange

Answer 1

The movement of oxygen from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air

Oxygen makes up 21% of air which is exerted from particular pressure

Question 2

PNF 3 stages in practise

Answer 2

1. Individual performs a passive stretch with the help of a partner who extends the leg until tension is felt
2. Isometrically contracts for 10s pushing the leg up against the partner supplying enough resistance to hold the leg in a stationary position

3 as the leg is passively stretched against the Golgi tendon our response for the antagonist is to relax causing it to stretch further. The process is then repeated until no further gains

Question 3

What is Gaseous exchange at the alveoli

Answer 3

Aveoli is responsible for the exchange of gases between the lungs and blood

Question 4

Structure that helps with gaseous exchange

Answer 4

Only one cell thick
Short diffusion pathways
Extensive capillary network- excellent blood supply
Huge surface area

Question 5

What is particular pressure

Answer 5

Pressure exerted by and individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gaseous

Question 6

Impacts of poor lifestyle choices on the Respiratory system (smoking)

Answer 6

Carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin much more readily than oxygen. Decreasing oxygen carrying capacity which increases breathlessness during exercise

Question 7

Smocking can cause the following

Answer 7

Breathless
Reduce lung function- narrowing airways
Damage cell lining- leading to a build up of mucus
Reduction in efficiency of gaseous exchange

Question 8

What is PNF stretching

Answer 8

Advanced stretching technique
Most effective for flexibility training for increased range of motion

Question 9

What is the Crac technique in PNF stretching

Answer 9

Crac technique- contract-relax-antagonist- contract

Question 10

What our the 2 proprioceptors that help with PNF stretching

Answer 10

Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon

Question 11

What our propriceptors

Answer 11

Sensory organs in the muscle,tendons and joints that inform the body of the extent of movement which has taken place

Question 12

What do muscle spindles do

Answer 12

-lie between skeletal muscle fibres
-send excitory singles about how far and fast a muscle is being stretched
-produces a stretch reflex to prevent overstretching and reduce the risk of injury

Question 13

What do Golgi tendon organs do

Answer 13

-found between muscle fibres and tendon
-detect level of tension in the muscle
-when the muscle contracts isometrically it sends inhibitory singles to the brain
-allowing agonist muscle to relax and lengthen this is know as autogenic inhibition

Question 14

What is a motor unit

Answer 14

Made up of Motor neuron’s and its muscle fibres

Question 15

What is the all or none law

Answer 15

-where a sequence of impulse has to be a sufficient intensity to stimulate all of the muscle fibres in order for them all to contract if not none of them contract

Question 16

The diffusion pathway of oxygen is:

Answer 16

Alveoli-blood-muscles

Question 17

The diffusion pathway of carbon dioxide is:

Answer 17

Muscle-blood-alveoli

Question 18

Joint action types and articulating bones

Answer 18

Joints actions-Joint type-articulating bone

Anke- Hinge-fibula,talus,tibia

Knee- Hinge-femur,tibia

Hip- Ball + socket-pelvis femur

Shoulder- Ball + socket scapula, humerus

Elbow- Hinge- radius,ulna,humerus

Question 19

Stoke volume definitely

Answer 19

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart ventricles in each contraction

Question 20

What does stroke volume depend on

Answer 20

Venous return- when this increase so does stoke volume

The elasticity of cardiac fibres the more the cardiac fibres can stretch the greater the force of contraction

Question 21

What is A-VO2 diff

Answer 21

The difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles

Question 22

Venous return definition

Answer 22

Volume of blood returning to the right side of the heart via the vena cava

Question 23

Venous return mechanisms

Answer 23

The skeletal muscle pump- when muscle contract and relax they change shape and press on the veins squeezing blood towards the heart

Respiratory pump contracts and relax during breathing in and out. Pressure change compress veins and assist blood to return to the heart

Pocket values- ensure blood flows in one direction- valves prevent back flow

Smooth muscles- helps squeeze blood towards the heart

Gravity- helps blood return from the upper body

Question 24

Cardiac output definition

Answer 24

Volume of blood pumped out of the heart ventricles in a minute

Question 25

Cardiac output equation

Answer 25

Q = SV X HR Cardiac out put = Stoke volume x Heart rate

Question 26

How does cardiac output respond to exercise

Answer 26

During exercise there is a large increase in cardiac output due to an increase in hr and sv. Cardiac output will increase as the intensity of exercise increase until maximal intensity is reached. Then it plateaus

Question 27

What is blood pressure

Answer 27

The force exerted by the blood vessels wall

Question 28

What is the equation for blood pressure

Answer 28

Blood flow x resistance

Question 29

How is blood pressure effected by exercise 2 types

Answer 29

Systolic pressure = higher pressure verticals our contraction Diastolic= lower pressure of contraction as the ventricles relaxes

Question 30

What our the 2 types of blood pressure

Answer 30

Systolic pressure = higher pressure verticals our contraction Diastolic= lower pressure of contraction as the ventricles relaxes

Question 31

What is the Redistribution of blood know as

Answer 31

Vascular shunt mechanism: the redistribution of cardiac output

Question 32

Why is the vascular shunt mechanism important

Answer 32

-More blood goes to the heart as the heart muscles need more oxygen to beat faster with more force - More blood goes to the muscles for energy remove waste products such as co2 and lactic acid -More blood goes to the skin keeps to keep body cool -Blood flow to the brain to remains constant as its need for energy and maintaining function

Question 33

Impacts of physical activity and sport on the health of an individual

Answer 33

Coronary Heart disease- coronary arteries become blocked/narrow by a gradual build up of fatty deposits High blood pressure- force exerted on the blood vessels wall putting an extra strain on the arteries and heart. Regular aerobic exercise can reduce blood pressure Cholesterol level 2 types LDP - transports blood to the tissue - bad linked to an increase in heart attacks HDP- transports excess cholesterol in the blood to the liver good- lowers the risk of developing heart disease Stroke- supply to the brain is cut off causing damaged to Brian cells. This can lead to disabilities and sometimes death. 2 Main types blood clots stop supply Weakened blood vessels supplying the Brian burst

Question 34

How does stoke volume responded to exercise

Answer 34

Increases 40-60 percent maximum effort stoke volume reaches a point then plateaus No time available to fill up blood can’t pump as much

Question 35

How is heart rate effected by exercise

Answer 35

Increases - proportional to the intensity of the exercise till maximum hr 220 - your age Average Heart rate bpm 72

Question 36

How is A-vo2 different at rest than when exercising

Answer 36

Rest low difference no o2 is required When exercising their is a high difference more o2 is taken in and co2 removed

Question 37

How is cardiovascular drift characterised

Answer 37

Progress decrease in stroke volume and blood pressure together with a progressive rise in Hr

Question 38

When does cardiovascular drift occur

Answer 38

It occurs in a warm environment despite the intensity of the exercise remaining the same

Question 39

Cardiovascular drift- how does a reduction in blood plasma occur

Answer 39

-increased sweating response of the body and this reduce venous return and stoke volume Hr then increases to compensate and maintain cardiac output

Question 40

Impacts of pressure on venous return (pressure gradient)

Answer 40

Venous pressure - right atrial pressure Divided by Venous vascular resistance Increasing right arterial pressure decrease venous return and decreasing right trial pressure

Question 41

What is this oxyghaemoglobin curve

Answer 41

Helps us understand how haemoglobin in our blood carries and release oxygen And the relationship between oxygen and haemoglobin

Question 42

Why does the Bohr shift shift to the right

Answer 42

When muscles require more oxygen the dissociation of blood capillaries to the muscle tissues occurs more readily

Question 43

What our the factors responsible for the Bohr shift

Answer 43

Increase in blood temperature Increase in particular pressure Decrease in Ph