pe unit 1

Question 1

outline cartilage

Answer 1

located at ends of bones, decreases friction, absorb shocks to facilitate movement

Question 2

e.g cartilage

Answer 2

knee joint at end of femur and fibula
between vertebrae

Question 3

similarity btw ligament and tendon

Answer 3

both join to a bone

Question 4

rotation

Answer 4

body part is moved outwards or inwards about its long axis

Question 5

supination

Answer 5

rotation of the forearm causing the palm to face upwards

Question 6

pronation

Answer 6

rotation of the forearm causing the palm to face downwards

Question 7

fusiform describe

Answer 7

muscle fibres are long and thin and run the length of the muscle belly.
low force
high mobility

Question 8

fusiform e.g

Answer 8

biceps brachii

Question 9

unipennate e.g

Answer 9

semimembranosus
tibialis anterior

Question 10

multipennate e.g

Answer 10

deltoid

Question 11

radiate e.g

Answer 11

trapezius
pectoralis major
gluteus maximus

Question 12

bipennate e.g

Answer 12

rectus femoris

Question 13

three types muscle contraction

Answer 13

isotonic, isometric, isokinetic

Question 14

isotonic contraction

Answer 14

muscle length changes whilst force is being developed

Question 15

isotonic concentric

Answer 15

muscle length shortens during contraction
working upwards against gravity

Question 16

isotonic eccentric

Answer 16

muscle length lengthens while force is being developed
lowering down with gravity

Question 17

in up phase of squat, which muscle is contracting concentrically

Answer 17

quadriceps

Question 18

in down phase of squat, which muscle is contracting eccentrically

Answer 18

quadriceps

Question 19

isometric contractions

Answer 19

force is developed but there is no change in the length of the muscle
produces most amount of force-> tires easily

Question 20

isometric contractions e.g

Answer 20

prone hold
rock climbing

Question 21

isokinetic contractions

Answer 21

muscle length changes and force created by the muscle is maximal through the whole range of motion

Question 22

isokinetic e.g

Answer 22

special isokinetic machines e.g hamstring curl

Question 23

how can you vary amount of force in effort

Answer 23

by varying number of motor units recruited

Question 24

recruitment

Answer 24

involves increasing number of motor units activated
motor units recruited in order of size
when muscle first activated, earliest motor units to fire will be small in size with progressively larger units recruited as strength of muscle contraction is increased

Question 25

what is a motor unit

Answer 25

consists of a motor neuron and muscle fibres it stimulates

Question 26

what happens to a band as sarcomere contracts

Answer 26

unchanged

Question 27

what happens to a band as sarcomere relaxes

Answer 27

unchanged

Question 28

what happens to h zone as sarcomere contracts

Answer 28

shortens and then disappears

Question 29

what happens to h zone as sarcomere relaxes

Answer 29

lengthens and then reappears

Question 30

what happens to i band as sarcomere contracts

Answer 30

shortens

Question 31

what happens to i band as sarcomere relaxes

Answer 31

lengthens

Question 32

what happens to z line as sarcomere contracts

Answer 32

moves closer together unchanged in height

Question 33

what happens to z line as sarcomere relaxes

Answer 33

moves further away unchanged in height

Question 34

sliding filament theroy

Answer 34

myosin cross bridges attach to actin thin filaments they then pull them into the centre of the sarcomere in a rowing action this causes the h zone to shorten and then disappear

Question 35

all or nothing principle

Answer 35

muscle fibres cannot vary amount of force they produce. they simply contract fully or not at all. a single muscle contraction is initiated by an electrical signal from the brain to a motor unit. when the stimulus strength reaches a certain threshold, the muscle will contract if the stimulus strength threshold is not met, the muscle will not contract at all

Question 36

inspiration

Answer 36

when the diaphragm contracts, it pulls downwards on the ribcage intercostals also contract pulling ribcage out this expands the volume of the chest cavity the larger chest cavity decreases air pressure inside the lungs. air travels from high to low pressure. air is sucked unto the lungs

Question 37

expiration

Answer 37

diaphragm relaxes and pulls upwards on ribcage intercostals relax pushing ribcage in this decreases the volume of the chest cavity the smaller chest cavity increases air pressure inside the lungs. air travels from high to low pressure air is forced out of lungs

Question 38

5 functions of respiratory system

Answer 38

1) brings air from atmosphere into lungs 2) transfer o2 into the blood at the lungs 3) remove co2 from blood at the lungs 4) expels heat and water vapour in air breathed out 5) allows vocal cords to create speech as air breathed out

Question 39

lung capacity

Answer 39

volume of air that can be held in the lungs after maximum inspiration

Question 40

units vo2 max

Answer 40

mL/kg/min

Question 41

diffusion

Answer 41

when gases move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a thin membrane

Question 42

exchange of gases at muscle

Answer 42

o2 moves from high concentration of o2 in capillaries to low concentration of o2 in muscle, providing muscle with o2

Question 43

exchange of gases at lungs

Answer 43

o2 moves from high concentration of o2 in alveoli to low concetration of o2 in capillaries

Question 44

why is there increased vo2 as reponse of respiratory system

Answer 44

increase demand for o2 by muscles-> o2 uptake increases

Question 45

functions of cv system

Answer 45

1) to circulate blood to all parts of the body 2) to transport water, o2 and nutrients to the cells 3) to transport wastes including co2 away from the cells 4) to help maintain correct body temp. 5) to help fight disease through WBC and antibodies contained in blood

Question 46

cardiac output units

Answer 46

L/min

Question 47

SV relationship

Answer 47

as exercise increases, SV increases. as exercise increases to sub max intensity, SV plateaus

Question 48

venous return

Answer 48

amount of blood returning to heart via the veins

Question 49

vasodilation process

Answer 49

capillaries dilate to allow increased blood flow during exercise precapillary sphincters' open up and allow more blood to muscles CVS uses these sphincters to channel blood to various body sites

Question 50

venous pooling

Answer 50

blood pooling in veins in the legs after exercise

Question 51

hypothermia scaffold

Answer 51

shivering in order to create heat via aerobic respiration. redistribution of blood flow away from extremities towards major organs in order to sustain their function and keep body warm. performance in physical activity will be impaired as blood flow and o2 to working muscles will be reduced due to shivering and redistribution of blood

Question 52

hyperthermia scaffold

Answer 52

increased blood flow to skin in order to get closer to cooler air. this leads to decreased blood flow and o2 to rest of body t/f decreased performance increased sweat rate and evaporation of sweat from surface of skin which cools the body. this leads to decreased bloodflow tf decreased o2 to muscles t/f increased reliance on AG system t.f dec. performance

Question 53

mechanisms to control body temp (3)

Answer 53

redistribution of blood flow to skin and around the body sweating shivering

Question 54

AVO2 difference meaning

Answer 54

difference between amount of o2 in arteries with amount of o2 in veins. increases when exercising b/c muscles need more o2 hence take more o2 from capillaries