PE2: Lifestyle Choices

Question 0

Define health.

Answer 0

A state of complete mental, physical and social well being free from mental and physical disease.

Question 1

Define fitness.

Answer 1

The ability to carry out our daily tasks without undue fatigue.

Question 2

Name the 7 health-related fitness components.

Answer 2

Strength, speed, stamina, body composition, power, muscular endurance, flexibility.

Question 3

Name the 4 skill-related components of fitness.

Answer 3

Agility, balance, co-ordination, reaction time.

Question 4

What is stamina?

Answer 4

The ability to provide and sustain vigorous total body activity aerobically.

Involves the ability of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to take in and transport oxygen to large muscle groups working dynamically.
Enables moderate to high intensity exercise to be undertaken for prolonged periods of time.

Question 5

Explain the key component of stamina.

Answer 5

Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max)
A vo2 max test assesses the maximum amount of oxygen that a person can consume per minute during a progressive exercise test to exhaustion.

Question 6

What is muscular endurance?

Answer 6

The ability of a muscle or muscle groups to sustain repeated contractions over time sufficient enough to cause muscular fatigue.

Question 7

What is strength?

Answer 7

The maximum force exerted by a specific muscle or muscle groups during a single maximal muscle contraction.

Static - exerted without change of muscle length (isometric muscle contraction)

Dynamic - maximal strength exerted during a movement in which muscle length changes.

Question 8

What is speed?

Answer 8

The maximum rate at which a person is able to move their body.

Distance moved per second.

Question 9

What is power?

Answer 9

The ability to use strength quickly.

Measured in watts.

Question 10

What is flexibility?

Answer 10

The ability to move a joint through its complete range of movement.

Question 11

What is body composition?

Answer 11

The relative percentage of muscle, fat and bone.

Question 12

What is reaction time?

Answer 12

The time taken to initiate a response to a given stimulus.

Question 13

What is agility?

Answer 13

The physical ability that enables a person to quickly change body position in a precise manner.

Question 14

Define co-ordination.

Answer 14

The ability to perform smooth and accurate motor tasks, often involving the use of senses.

Question 15

Define balance.

Answer 15

The ability to retain the centre of mass of a sportspersons body above the base of support.

Question 16

What are the effects of smoking?

Answer 16

Increased risk of lung cancers
Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells
Tired and out of breath
Reduced lung surface area for intake of oxygen

Exercise reduces risks

Question 17

What are the effects of drug taking?

Answer 17

Harm essential organs of life.
Destroy family and social life.
Destroy self- esteem through reliance on drug.

Question 18

What are the effects of alcohol?

Answer 18

Cirrhosis of the liver
Muscular spasms
Vascular hypertension
Stomach ulcers 
Increased risk of heart attack
Osteoporosis 
Lung cancer

Question 19

What is a balanced diet?

Answer 19

Contains proportions of carbs, fats, protein, minerals, vitamins, water and roughage needed to maintain good health. (Males - 2500, women 2000)

Question 20

What are the effects of exercise on cardiovascular health?

Answer 20

Exercise increases high density lipoproteins (HDL) and decreases low density lipoproteins (LDL are responsible for depositing cholesterol and narrowing the lumen of arteries)

Blood pressure remains stable which prevents hypertension.

Question 21

What are the effects of exercise on the respiratory system?

Answer 21

Exercise slows down decline in VO2 max, and aerobic capacity remains higher than it would be.
The capability for long duration, low intensity work remains higher.

Question 22

What are the effects of exercise on the muscular system?

Answer 22

Exercise enhances strength and flexibility of tendons and ligaments allowing a fuller range of joint movement.

Prevents osteoporosis and relieves symptoms of osteoarthritis.

Question 23

What is basal metabolic rate?

Answer 23

This is the least rate of energy usage needed to carry out basic body functions.

Measured after lying down after 8 hours sleep and 12 hours fasting

Question 24

What is energy metabolism?

Answer 24

Total intake of food sufficient to supply enough energy to: Keep cells alive Keep systems working Meet demands of life

Question 25

How does obesity occur?

Answer 25

A result of persistent POSITIVE ENERGY BALANCE that means an individual is consuming more calories than is being used.

Question 26

What is diabetes?

Answer 26

When an individual is unable to control their blood sugar levels. This disease occurs because whenever we eat carbohydrate, our blood sugar levels become affected, the body controls this by secreting the hormone INSULIN from the pancreas. When a large amount of sugars are consumed persistently, then more and more insulin gets secreted, and in time the body becomes tolerant of the insulin and no longer has an effect.

Question 27

Positive impact of exercise on health (psychological)

Answer 27

Following activity a person experiences a feeling of well being, reduction in anxiety Long term increase in work performance, more positive attitude to work Improved self esteem

Question 28

Positive impact of exercise on health (neuromuscular)

Answer 28

Sustains strength and coordination levels Enhances tensile strength and flexibility of tendons and ligaments Allowing for a fuller range of joint movement

Question 29

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 29

If bones are mechanically loaded then they tend to respond by becoming stronger. Greater bone cell wall thickness and better calcification of bone tissue. - weight bearing activities will reduce this (walking, jogging)

Question 30

Positive impact of exercise on health (body composition)

Answer 30

Reduces obesity by burning off excess fat during and after activity when MR remains elevated Cardiac workload less with lower body mass Relieves symptoms of osteoporosis

Question 31

Positive impact of exercise on health (respiratory)

Answer 31

Slows down decline in VO2 max and aerobic capacity remains higher Capability for long duration low intensity work remains higher

Question 32

Positive impact of exercise on health (cardiovascular)

Answer 32

Increases HDL and decreases LDL Hence stable blood pressure Preventing hypertension

Question 33

What is malnutrition?

Answer 33

A bad diet which can cause health problems - obesity and anorexia nervosa.

Question 34

5 risks with heavy drinking.

Answer 34

``` Mouth or throat cancer Liver cirrhosis Depression Increased risk of heart attack Destroys brain cells ```

Question 35

4 effects of drugs.

Answer 35

Harm to essential organs Destroy family and social life Leads to criminal behaviour to fund habit Destroy self-esteem

Question 36

3 effects of smoking on the respiratory system.

Answer 36

Tired and out of breath Reduced lung surface area for intake of oxygen Increased risk of lung cancer

Question 37

5 Effects of smoking on the cardiovascular system.

Answer 37

``` Increased blood pressure Reduces blood flow Plaque in blood vessels Increased risk of stroke/heart attack Reduced oxygen uptake ```

Question 38

Facts about smoking

Answer 38

Chemicals in tobacco affect nearly every organ and system in the body 40% male smokers die before reaching retirement age Women smokers increase the risk of cervical cancer

Question 39

What has caused a sedentary lifestyle?

Answer 39

More office based jobs than manual jobs We use mechanical transport rather than walk or cycle The rise of computer games Improvements in technology - other ways to socialise

Question 40

What are the benefits of exercise? (Social)

Answer 40

Encourages social mixing with others Increased socialisation between different cultures and groups Decreased crime

Question 41

What are the benefits of exercise?(Psychological)

Answer 41

Improves psychological well-being | Allows for personal challenge

Question 42

What are the benefits of regular exercise? (Physical)

Answer 42

Burn calories Builds healthy bones, joints and muscles Prevents obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure and coronary heart disease

Question 43

How obesity diseases occur? (Part II)

Answer 43

As the atheroma increases then there is an increase in blood pressure through the artery (HYPERTENSION). If the artery that is becoming blocked is one of the vessels supplying the heart tissue, then often an individual can suffer with ANGINA, which is a chest pain due to lack of blood reaching the heart tissue. If one or more of the vessels becomes totally blocked, then this leads to a HEART ATTACK. If the same sequence of blockages occur to the brain, then a STROKE will occur as part of the brain is deprived of blood, and therefore the vital oxygen supply.

Question 44

How obesity diseases occur? (Part I)

Answer 44

A person with a PEB consumes far too many saturated fats and sugars, which in time can have a negative impact on an individual's health. Low Density Lipoproteins (Bad cholesterol) are found in saturated fats which form plaques that gradually attach to arteries. Over time, these plaques build up forming an ATHEROMA, which is a small blockage of an artery and this leads to ATHLEROSCLEROSIS.

Question 45

How does family affect lifestyle?

Answer 45

(Main) parents influence the type of food children eat, and even the amount of physical activity a child does. There is a far greater probability that active, healthy parents lead to active healthy children. The amount of money that family earns can also influence the opportunities that children have. More money can mean more membership to clubs etc and access to better coaching.

Question 46

How do friends affect lifestyles?

Answer 46

An individual's diet can be particularly influenced by friends and peers during school hours and holidays (using fast food). Friends often have similar interests and hobbies so if a sport or activity is an interest then it is more likely that the entire friendship group will participate.

Question 47

How does education affect lifestyles?

Answer 47

The type of physical education received at school can have an impact on an individual's levels of physical activity. A department that offers a variety of extracurricular opportunities can result in greater levels of physical activity from the pupils.

Question 48

How do media and role models affect lifestyles?

Answer 48

Can influence participation levels. Activity levels within boys is greater than girls due to the disproportionate coverage of men's sport compared to women's.

Question 49

3 ways a balanced diet can help prevent obesity.

Answer 49

Correct levels of protein help growth and repair of muscle, connective tissue and bone growth. Reduced saturated fat intake means fewer calories consumed and less LDL's. Reducing intake of high GI carbohydrates prevents elevation of blood sugar levels and production of insulin (helps prevent diabetes)