Peace & Conflict

Question 1

Galtung’s Theory

Answer 1

A realist point of view. Peace could either be positive or negative.

Dustin Sharp’s Theory contests this.

Question 2

Galtung’s Negative Peace

Answer 2

Negative Peace = absence of direct (physical)

Question 3

Galtung’s Positive Peace

Answer 3

Positive Peace = equal distribution of power and resources (absence of structural violence)

no development = no peace

closely related to opportunities, heath education, and citizens satisfaction

Question 4

Direct Violence

Answer 4

is intentional and intended to hurt

an event

Question 5

Structual Violence

Answer 5

Is difficult to identify and can go unnoticed. It is built into society systems that causes inequailty

process or framework

Question 6

Cultural Violence

Answer 6

is related to aspects of culture, that can be used to justify/legitimize direct or structural violence

way of thinking

structural can cause cultural, which can lead to structural (loop)

Question 7

Galtung’s Triangle

Answer 7

• All violence have the same priority.
• Can twist the triangle, violence on the top legitimizes the bottom two → could be sources for the top

tends to move from cultural → structural → direct

Question 8

Critiques on Galtung’s

Answer 8

Ramsbotham → injustice is a ‘percived injustice’, that all parties believe they are the victim

Dustin Sharp → term negative is misleading as it is desirable/achievement. ‘Negative peace’ must be established before ‘positive peace’.

Question 9

Ways to measure peace

Answer 9

Global Peace Index (three factors)
Positive Peace Index (eight factors)

Question 10

Peace movements

Answer 10

type of social movement in where people organize and sustain a campaign in support of a social goal, aiming to change society’s structure or values.

anti-war response, supported by the belief of universalism

Question 11

Universalism

Answer 11

sees a common interest inn peace and shared humanity

Question 12

Peace movements grouping

Answer 12

1. movements that aim to eliminate war
2. aim to end particular aspects of war
3. aim to stop specific wars

Question 13

Civil Disobedience

Answer 13

follows ideas of Thoreu, where “citizens have obligation to do what’s right rather than obey authority like governments”

Question 14

Pacifism

Answer 14

is a pragmatic and moral principal

pragmatic → sees peace as a useful and ideal policy in which conflicts should be resolved

moral principal → sees violence as morally wrong

pacifists - are believers that war and violence are unjustifiable

Question 15

Antipacfists

Answer 15

violence or war can be justifed in certain situations

Question 16

Stages of Conflict & Peacebuilding

Answer 16

Oliver Richmond → go through 4 stages

1. conflict management → ineviatble, absense of war, realism
2. conflict resolution → role of instiutions to facilitate peace, liberal
3. developing peacebuilding insitutions → diff. approaches to diplomacy
4. multifaceted approaches → using diff. arts to address issues

Question 17

Realism in Conflict

Answer 17

conflict is an inevitable reality of the anarchial system

times of peace are exeptions of the normal state of things

Question 18

Liberalism in Conflict

Answer 18

sees a role for regional and international instituions for cooperation of peace

state of peace is possible, insitutions can foster peace

Question 19

Balances of Power Theory

Answer 19

best method is when no single country is too powerful to control others (terms of military + more)

alliances are made to keep others in check

Question 20

Constructive Conflict

Answer 20

something that is important and necessary

Question 21

Strategic Non-Violence

Answer 21

effective method in creating change, avoids violence and has easy momentum

Question 22

Pacifism

Answer 22

oppostion to war → willing to use the best method to build peace

Question 23

Non-Violence

Answer 23

rejects violence → has a resistance or advocacy approach

Question 24

Parties to Conflict

Answer 24

anyone, including state and NSAs involved in the conflict

Question 25

Geneva Conventions

Answer 25

1949 → basis of international humanitarian law on war/conflict

Question 26

disputants | primary parties to conflict

Answer 26

primary parties that oppose another in a conflict, have direct stake in outcome

Question 27

What is interstate conflict?

Answer 27

Dispute between 2 or more states, armed conflict ## Footnote 'Inter' means many states can enter the war.

Question 28

What is intrastate conflict?

Answer 28

Armed conflict within a state, two or more groups within

Question 29

moderates | second + third parties of conflict

Answer 29

hope to see their side win, unlikey to sacrifice anything to achieve this

Question 30

hardliners | second + third parties of conflict

Answer 30

support their fav. disputant, convice others to join their side

Question 31

Violent State Actors

Answer 31

military → state trained, use violence to protect state, peacekeeping missions paramilitary → type of armed force under diff. control, not part of official state military

Question 32

Violent Non-State Actors

Answer 32

terrorists → gain public attention by using threats of violence, death, injury, and hostages to intimidate govs. rebel groups → NSAs involved in armed conflict aiming to gain control over a specific area * use violence but are not indiscriminant * target ruling/powerful actors, need citizen support

Question 33

Non-Violent State Actors | Montuille's track one diplomacy

Answer 33

diplomats → represent a country and conduct international relations with negotiations, peaceful UN peacekeepers → only permitted to use force if fired apon, often sent to states transitioning from conflict to develop peace

Question 34

Non-Violent Non-State Actors | Montuille's track two diplomacy

Answer 34

NGOs + unoffical actors→ can highlight abuses, draw attention, not controlled by states, serve as channels between actors in conflict individuals → citizens who take intiative to get negotations going (Pope Francis)

Question 35

What are the reasons for war?

Answer 35

Various factors including political, economic, and social issues.

Question 36

Why does religion cause conflict?

Answer 36

1. Divides politics and religion 2. Can cause genocide 3. Everyone believes they are superior.

Question 37

What is the just war theory?

Answer 37

A western idea that war can be justified if it follows certain criteria.

Question 38

What is deterrence theory?

Answer 38

Nuclear weapons are intended to scare other states from attacking with their nuclear weapons. ## Footnote Pro: forces diplomacy; Con: high risk of nuclear warfare.

Question 39

What is extremism?

Answer 39

Activities of a person far removed from the ordinary.