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2nd Semester > Pedia (Cardio, Gyne, Nephro, Gastro) > Flashcards

Pedia (Cardio, Gyne, Nephro, Gastro) Flashcards

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1
Q

A 3 month-old infant presents with effortless regurgitation after feeding but is otherwise healthy and gaining weight appropriately. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
B. Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER)
C. Pyloric Stenosis
D. Intestinal Malrotation

A

B. Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER)

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2
Q

A 4 year-old child presents with frothing at the mouth, respiratory distress, and cyanosis shortly after birth. A chest x-ray shows a coiled feeding tube in the esophagus. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
B. Tracheoesophageal Fistula with Esophageal Atresia
C. Laryngomalacia
D. Foreign Body Aspiration

A

B. Tracheoesophageal Fistula with Esophageal Atresia

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3
Q

A 6 year-old child has severe, intermittent abdominal pain and currant jelly stools. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Intussusception
B. Meckel’s Diverticulum
C.Volvulus
D. Appendicitis

A

A. Intussusception

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4
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis for a 3 month-old infant with effortless regurgitation after feeding?

A

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX

This condition is common in infants and usually resolves with age.

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5
Q

What is the diagnosis for a 4 year-old child with frothing at the mouth and respiratory distress shortly after birth?

A

TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA WITH ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA

This condition often presents with feeding difficulties and respiratory issues.

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6
Q

What is the likely diagnosis for a 6 year-old child with severe intermittent abdominal pain and currant jelly stools?

A

INTUSSUSCEPTION

This condition occurs when part of the intestine telescopes into itself.

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7
Q

What ectopic tissue is most likely responsible for painless rectal bleeding in a 2 year-old boy with a positive Meckel scan?

A

GASTRIC

Ectopic gastric tissue is common in Meckel’s diverticulum.

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8
Q

Which symptom is NOT common in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in older children?

A

PROJECTILE VOMITING

This symptom is more commonly associated with pyloric stenosis.

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9
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis for a 10 year-old boy with gross hematuria, hypertension, and periorbital edema after a sore throat?

A

ACUTE POST STREPTOCOCCAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (APSGN)

This condition can occur after infections with certain strains of Streptococcus.

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10
Q

What is the diagnosis for a child presenting with proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema but no hematuria?

A

NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

This syndrome is characterized by significant protein loss in urine.

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11
Q

What is the next best step in management for a 6 year-old girl with recurrent UTIs and >100,000 CFU/mL of E. coli?

A

RENAL ULTRASOUND

This imaging study helps evaluate for anatomical abnormalities.

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12
Q

What is the characteristic finding on electron microscopy for a kidney biopsy in a suspected Alport syndrome case?

A

THICKENING AND SPLITTING OF THE GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE

This finding is indicative of Alport syndrome.

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13
Q

What is the most likely cause for sudden onset edema, proteinuria, and hypoalbuminemia in a 3 year-old boy?

A

MINIMAL CHANGE DISEASE

This is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children.

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14
Q

What is the likely diagnosis for a 7 year-old child with hematuria after a gastrointestinal infection?

A

IgA NEPHROPATHY

This condition is often associated with infections and presents with hematuria.

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15
Q

What is a characteristic finding in Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)?

A

GROSS HEMATURIA WITH RBC CASTS

HSP is a small vessel vasculitis that often presents with skin and renal symptoms.

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16
Q

What is the most probable cause of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure following diarrhea in a child?

A

HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME (HUS)

HUS is commonly associated with certain strains of E. coli.

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17
Q

What is the most likely pathogen in a 10 year-old male with dysuria and positive nitrites and leukocyte esterase?

A

E. COLI

E. coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infections in children.

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18
Q

What is the diagnosis for a 5 year-old boy with oliguria, hypertension, and edema after gastroenteritis?

A

HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME (HUS)

This syndrome often follows gastrointestinal infections.

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19
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis for a 2 month-old presenting with projectile nonbilious vomiting and a palpable olive-like mass?

A

PYLORIC STENOSIS

This condition typically presents in infants and requires surgical intervention.

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20
Q

What is the likely diagnosis for a 7 year-old boy with painless gross hematuria after an upper respiratory tract infection?

A

IGA NEPHROPATHY

This condition often presents after infections and is characterized by hematuria.

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21
Q

What is the diagnosis for a 10 year-old girl with abdominal pain, palpable purpura, and hematuria?

A

HENOCH SCHÖNLEIN PURPURA (HSP)

This condition is characterized by a triad of symptoms including purpura and renal involvement.

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22
Q

What is the most appropriate treatment for a 5 year-old with fever, flank pain, and dysuria with positive nitrites?

A

CEFTRIAXONE

This antibiotic is commonly used for treating urinary tract infections in children.

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23
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis for a neonate with bilious vomiting and abdominal distension showing a ‘double bubble’ sign on X-ray?

A

DUODENAL ATRESIA

This condition is a congenital obstruction of the duodenum.

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24
Q

What is the initial treatment of choice for a 5 year-old boy with periorbital edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia?

A

CORTICOSTEROIDS

Corticosteroids are the first-line treatment for nephrotic syndrome.

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25
Which of the following is NOT a complication of Nephrotic syndrome?
HYPERCALCEMIA ## Footnote Common complications include thromboembolism and infections.
26
What is the most likely diagnosis for a 7 year-old boy with proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension, and low C3 levels?
MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (MPGN) ## Footnote This condition is associated with low complement levels and can present with nephritis.
27
What is the diagnosis for a 6 year-old child with abdominal distension, constipation, and delayed meconium passage, revealing ganglionic segments on biopsy?
HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE ## Footnote This condition is characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the colon.
28
What is the most likely diagnosis for a 4 year-old boy with painless hematuria and a family history of kidney disease, showing diffuse thinning of the glomerular basement membrane on microscopy?
ALPORT SYNDROME ## Footnote This syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting collagen in the kidney basement membrane.
29
What is the likely diagnosis for a neonate with respiratory distress and bilateral flank masses, showing enlarged kidneys with small cysts on ultrasound?
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE (ARPKD) ## Footnote This condition is characterized by cystic dysplasia of the kidneys.
30
What is the most appropriate initial imaging for a 2 year-old boy with hematuria, hypertension, and flank pain after trauma?
ULTRASOUND ## Footnote Ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality in pediatric trauma.
31
What is the most probable cause of sudden abdominal pain, fever, and ascites in a child with nephrotic syndrome?
SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS ## Footnote This is a serious complication of nephrotic syndrome due to immunosuppression.
32
Which condition is associated with a positive nitrite test in urine?
URINARY TRACT INFECTION ## Footnote A positive nitrite test indicates the presence of bacteria that convert nitrate to nitrite.
33
What is the most likely cause of hypertension and gross hematuria in a child with a history of UTI?
REFLUX NEPHROPATHY ## Footnote This condition arises from vesicoureteral reflux leading to kidney damage.
34
What is the most common congenital heart disease associated with left to right shunt?
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT ## Footnote This defect allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle.
35
What is the most likely pathophysiological consequence of an atrial septal defect in a 2-year-old girl with failure to thrive?
PULMONARY ARTERY STENOSIS ## Footnote Increased pulmonary blood flow can lead to complications including pulmonary hypertension.
36
What is the main difference between acyanotic and cyanotic congenital heart disease?
ACYANOTIC SHUNTS INCREASE SYSTEMIC BLOOD OXYGENATION, WHILE CYANOTIC SHUNTS DECREASE IT. ## Footnote This distinction is crucial in understanding the clinical implications of each type.
37
What congenital heart defect is most likely in a 4-month-old infant with continuous murmur at the left upper sternal border?
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS ## Footnote This defect occurs when the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth.
38
What complication is most likely in a child with a significant left-to-right shunt if left uncorrected?
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AND EISENMENGER SYNDROME ## Footnote Eisenmenger syndrome results from long-standing left-to-right shunts leading to pulmonary vascular disease.
39
What is the most appropriate intervention to maintain ductal patency in a newborn with transposition of great arteries?
PROSTAGLANDIN E1 INFUSION ## Footnote This treatment helps keep the ductus arteriosus open until surgical correction can be performed.
40
What diagnostic tool is most definitive in identifying the size and flow dynamics of a left-to-right shunt anomaly?
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY WITH DOPPLER STUDIES ## Footnote This imaging modality provides detailed information on cardiac structures and hemodynamics.
41
What is the most appropriate initial management for a large ventricular septal defect causing failure to thrive in a 10-week-old infant?
DIURETIC, ACE INHIBITORS, INCREASED CALORIC INTAKE ## Footnote Medical management is often required before surgical intervention.
42
What congenital heart disease presents with volume overload and a systolic ejection murmur at the 2nd intercostal space left sternal border?
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT ## Footnote This defect is characterized by a left-to-right shunt.
43
What is the most likely diagnosis for a 4-month-old infant with poor feeding, tachypnea, and a loud holosystolic murmur?
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT (VSD) ## Footnote This defect is associated with increased pulmonary blood flow and heart failure symptoms.
44
What is the likely congenital defect in a 7-year-old child with a fixed splitting of the second heart sound and a systolic murmur over the pulmonary area?
PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS ## Footnote This defect can lead to right ventricular outflow obstruction.
45
What best explains the pathophysiology of Eisenmenger syndrome?
PROGRESSIVE PULMONARY HYPERTENSION REVERSING A LEFT-TO-RIGHT SHUNT TO A RIGHT-TO-LEFT SHUNT ## Footnote This condition results from long-standing left-to-right shunting leading to pulmonary vascular disease.
46
What condition causes early cyanosis due to progressive pulmonary hypertension reversing a left-to-right shunt to a right-to-left shunt?
Eisenmenger syndrome ## Footnote Eisenmenger syndrome is a complication of congenital heart defects, leading to cyanosis due to the reversal of shunt direction.
47
What is the most likely diagnosis for a 15-year-old child with exercise intolerance, cyanosis of the lips, and clubbing of the fingers?
Eisenmenger syndrome ## Footnote This condition arises from untreated congenital heart disease, often presenting with these symptoms.
48
What is a characteristic finding in truncus arteriosus?
Single great vessel arising from the heart supplying both systemic and pulmonary circulation ## Footnote This condition is marked by a single arterial trunk instead of separate pulmonary and systemic vessels.
49
Which type of Ventricular Septal Defect has the highest incidence of spontaneous closure?
Muscular ## Footnote Small muscular VSDs are more likely to close spontaneously compared to other types.
50
What is the next best step in management for a child with untreated tetralogy of Fallot who suddenly develops cyanosis?
Administer oxygen and place in a knee-to-chest position ## Footnote This position helps to increase systemic blood flow during cyanotic episodes.
51
What is the best initial medical management for a 2-month-old infant with bounding pulses and a continuous murmur?
Surgical closure ## Footnote This presentation is suggestive of patent ductus arteriosus, requiring surgical intervention.
52
What type of unrepaired congenital heart disease is likely to develop pulmonary artery hypertension as a complication?
Large ventricular septal defect ## Footnote Large VSDs can lead to increased pulmonary blood flow and subsequent pulmonary hypertension.
53
What is the primary mechanism of cyanosis in cyanotic congenital heart disease?
Right-to-left shunting of deoxygenated blood into systemic circulation ## Footnote This mechanism is critical in understanding the pathophysiology of cyanotic heart defects.
54
Which medication may be used to reduce pulmonary blood flow in congenital heart disease with pulmonary over circulation?
Diuretics ## Footnote Diuretics help manage fluid overload and reduce pulmonary circulation.
55
What is the gold standard for diagnosing congenital heart diseases?
Echocardiography ## Footnote This imaging technique provides detailed information about heart structure and function.
56
Which radiographic view is used to assess right ventricular hypertrophy in congenital heart disease?
Lateral view ## Footnote The lateral view is crucial for evaluating the size of the right ventricle.
57
In which condition is interventional device closure the gold standard for closing the defect?
Patent ductus arteriosus ## Footnote This condition often requires device closure as a preferred treatment option.
58
What surgical procedure is performed to correct transposition of great arteries?
Arterial switch operation ## Footnote This procedure involves re-routing the aorta and pulmonary artery to correct the anatomical defect.
59
What is the primary goal in management for patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease?
Improve oxygenation ## Footnote Enhancing oxygen delivery is crucial in managing cyanotic heart defects.
60
What is the most common gynecologic-based problem for prepubertal children?
Vulvovaginitis ## Footnote This condition is frequently encountered in clinical practice among young girls.
61
Which condition does not warrant a pelvic examination in a senior high school student?
Mild to moderate dysmenorrhea ## Footnote This symptom typically does not necessitate a pelvic exam.
62
What type of infection is suggested by dome-shaped, umbilicated lesions with a central cheesy plug in a 10-year-old female?
Molluscum contagiosum ## Footnote This viral infection is characterized by such lesions.
63
What is the next step for a primary healthcare provider observing a dome-shaped lesion suggestive of molluscum contagiosum?
Observe the patient and require to follow up for reevaluation ## Footnote Monitoring is often appropriate unless there are complications.
64
What is the etiologic agent of erythematous rashes with satellite lesions in a 3-month-old infant?
Candida spp ## Footnote Candida infections are common in diaper areas, especially in infants.
65
What management is included for a Candida infection in the diaper area?
All of the above ## Footnote Management includes increasing diaper change frequency, applying a barrier, and using topical antifungal.
66
What is the most common object found in the prepubertal vagina when entertaining the presence of a foreign body?
Retained toilet paper ## Footnote This is a common finding in clinical scenarios involving foreign bodies.
67
Which statement is true about precocious puberty?
The most common source is gonadotropin-dependent or central precocious puberty ## Footnote This type of precocious puberty is the most frequently encountered.
68
At what week of gestation does breast development begin?
Week 5 ## Footnote This timing is critical in understanding fetal development and maturation.
69
At what age is menarche expected to occur after thelarche in females?
11 ## Footnote The interval between thelarche and menarche is typically around 2-2.5 years.
70
What is a clear or cloudy nipple discharge seen in neonates referred to as?
Witch’s milk ## Footnote This discharge is often benign and resolves on its own.
71
What is the next best step in management for a neonate with witch's milk?
Reassure the mother that this is normal ## Footnote This condition is typically self-limiting and not a cause for concern.
72
Which statement about amastia is true?
Treatment is surgical correction ## Footnote Amastia may require surgical intervention for reconstruction.
73
Which of the following is NOT included in the diagnostic (ROTTERDAM) criteria for PCOS?
Increased LH:FSH ratio ## Footnote The criteria focus on other factors like oligoovulation and hyperandrogenism.
74
How is hyperandrogenism most commonly manifest?
Hirsutism ## Footnote Excessive hair growth is a key indicator of hyperandrogenism.

2nd Semester (1 decks)

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