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Pediatric Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the intended learning outcomes in pediatric rehabilitation?

A

Understanding pathogenesis, signs, treatment, and rehab of Cerebral Palsy, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, and Congenital Limb Deficiency.

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2
Q

What conditions does pediatric rehabilitation cover?

A

Neurological and musculoskeletal disorders that affect a child’s growth and development.

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3
Q

Why is robotic rehabilitation beneficial in pediatrics?

A

It allows repetitive, task-specific therapy with quantitative assessments and reduces therapist fatigue.

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4
Q

What factors influence habilitation/rehabilitation goals in children?

A

The child’s age and developmental stage.

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5
Q

What causes Cerebral Palsy?

A

Injury or abnormal development of the brain due to prematurity, infection, inflammation, trauma, or stroke.

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6
Q

What are the types of motor syndromes in CP?

A

Spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic-hypotonic, and mixed types.

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7
Q

How is CP classified based on affected body parts?

A

Quadriplegia, diplegia, hemiplegia.

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8
Q

What are common signs of CP?

A

Altered tone, persistent reflexes, posture issues, delayed milestones, musculoskeletal and cognitive problems.

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9
Q

What imaging is used in CP diagnosis?

A

MRI is preferred; common findings include PVL and MCA infarctions.

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10
Q

What therapies are used for CP?

A

Physical, occupational, speech therapies, nutritional support, and assistive technologies.

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11
Q

What causes Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

A

Mutation in dystrophin gene on X chromosome causing muscle weakness.

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12
Q

What are signs of DMD?

A

Toe-walking, calf hypertrophy, waddling gait, lumbar lordosis, and Gower’s sign.

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13
Q

What is Gower’s sign?

A

Child uses hands to push off thighs when rising from the floor, indicating proximal muscle weakness.

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14
Q

What are treatment goals for DMD?

A

Maintain function, delay loss of ambulation, prevent contractures, support mental health.

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15
Q

When does congenital limb deficiency occur?

A

In the first trimester during limb bud development.

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16
Q

How are limb deficiencies classified?

A

Transverse or longitudinal; terminal or intercalary.

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17
Q

Why are lower-limb prostheses more accepted?

A

Because they are essential for mobility and locomotion.

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18
Q

How is the HAAT model applied in CP rehabilitation?

A

Human: child with motor disability; Activity: walking, eating; Assistive Tech: AFOs, speech devices.

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19
Q

How is the HAAT model used in DMD rehab?

A

Human: progressive weakness; Activity: mobility; Assistive Tech: power wheelchair, AFOs.

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20
Q

How does the HAAT model support children with limb deficiencies?

A

Human: limb absence; Activity: self-care; Assistive Tech: prostheses, adaptive tools.

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21
Q

Describe the pathogenesis and classification of Cerebral Palsy (CP).

A

CP is caused by brain injury or developmental problems. Classified by motor type (spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, mixed) and body part involvement (quadri-, hemi-, diplegia).

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22
Q

What are the common clinical features of Cerebral Palsy?

A

Altered tone, reflex persistence, abnormal posture, motor delay, musculoskeletal issues, and cognitive problems.

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23
Q

Explain the role of imaging in diagnosing CP.

A

MRI detects PVL in preemies and MCA infarcts in hemiplegia.

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24
Q

What are the rehabilitation goals and interventions for children with CP?

A

Improve mobility, reduce spasticity, enhance speech, use assistive devices and therapy.

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25
Discuss the role and types of orthotic devices used in CP.
AFOs, wrist splints, spinal braces support posture, motion, and function.
26
How is drooling managed in children with CP?
Botox, anticholinergics, and oromotor therapy.
27
What assistive technologies are used in the home for children with CP?
Ramps, walkers, seating systems, bath aids, lifts.
28
Describe the pathogenesis and clinical progression of DMD.
DMD is an X-linked disorder from dystrophin mutation; causes progressive weakness and early death.
29
Explain the common physical signs and diagnostic features of DMD.
Toe-walking, calf hypertrophy, lumbar lordosis, Gower’s sign.
30
Discuss the treatment and rehabilitation approach in DMD.
Steroids, supportive PT, night splints, swimming, and counseling.
31
What are the goals of physical therapy in children with DMD?
Prevent contractures and disuse atrophy, promote flexibility.
32
Why are night-time AFOs recommended in DMD patients?
They passively stretch tendons and delay deformity.
33
Describe the types and classification of congenital limb deficiency.
Transverse: complete absence beyond a level. Longitudinal: part of the limb along length missing.
34
What are the clinical signs seen in children with limb deficiencies?
Deformities, flail or malrotated limbs, muscle imbalance.
35
What are the key prosthetic considerations in children with limb deficiencies?
Comfort, weight, growth, simplicity, durability.
36
What is the role of early prosthetic fitting in congenital limb deficiency?
Promotes motor development, adaptation, and independence.
37
What conditions does pediatric rehabilitation address?
Neurological and musculoskeletal disorders that impact growth and development in children.
38
What is the role of rehabilitation in children with physical disabilities?
To improve functionality, preserve physical abilities, and support development.
39
What are traditional therapies used in pediatric rehab?
Orthoses, surgery, and physiotherapy.
40
What is robotic rehabilitation and its benefits?
Robot-assisted therapy offering task-specific, repetitive movements, quantitative assessments, and reduced therapist effort.
41
Why is developmental delay a concern in pediatric rehab?
It affects gross and fine motor development, causing concern for parents and caregivers.
42
What factors affect goals in pediatric rehabilitation?
Child’s age and developmental stage.
43
What are causes of Cerebral Palsy?
Injury or abnormal brain development due to prematurity, infections, inflammation, trauma, or coagulation disorders.
44
What are the types of motor syndromes in CP?
Spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic-hypotonic, and mixed types.
45
How is CP classified by body region?
Quadriplegia, diplegia, hemiplegia.
46
What are common signs and symptoms of CP?
Altered tone, posture, motor control, persistent reflexes, and delayed milestones.
47
What are examples of abnormal muscle tone in CP types?
Hypotonic CP: poor trunk control; Spastic CP: flexor posture; Dyskinetic CP: involuntary movements.
48
What are secondary musculoskeletal complications in CP?
Equinus deformity, hip displacement, scoliosis, and joint contractures.
49
What are some associated findings in CP?
Seizures, sensory issues, oromotor dysfunction, cognitive and speech difficulties.
50
What is the preferred imaging method in CP and common findings?
MRI; findings include PVL and MCA infarcts.
51
What are rehabilitation goals in CP?
Customized for each child to improve mobility, communication, reduce spasticity, and enhance quality of life.
52
Which therapies are used in CP rehabilitation?
Physical, occupational, speech therapies, aquatic therapy, and biofeedback.
53
What is the role of nutrition in CP management?
Ensuring adequate intake; feeding tubes for dysphagia.
54
How is oromotor dysfunction managed in CP?
With anticholinergics, botulinum toxin, and oromotor exercises.
55
What are common orthotic devices used in CP?
AFOs, hand splints, spinal braces.
56
What assistive and adaptive devices are used in CP?
Custom seating, walkers, standers, bath equipment, and home modifications.
57
How is spasticity managed in CP?
Pharmacotherapy (oral, botox) and surgical interventions.
58
How does the HAAT model apply to CP?
Human: motor deficits; Activity: mobility, speech; Assistive Tech: orthoses, walkers, communication devices.
59
What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?
An X-linked genetic disorder due to dystrophin mutation, causing progressive muscle weakness.
60
When do symptoms of DMD typically appear?
At age 2–3 years with gait abnormalities and progressive weakness.
61
What is Gower's sign and its significance?
Using arms to climb up legs to stand—indicates proximal muscle weakness.
62
What are physical signs of DMD?
Toe-walking, waddling gait, calf hypertrophy, lumbar lordosis, neck weakness.
63
What are late complications of DMD?
Contractures, scoliosis, respiratory and cardiac failure.
64
What treatments are available for DMD?
Steroids (e.g., prednisolone), gentle exercise, orthotics, psychosocial support.
65
How does the HAAT model apply to DMD?
Human: progressive weakness; Activity: walking, daily tasks; Assistive Tech: AFOs, power wheelchairs.
66
What is congenital limb deficiency?
Failure of limb bud formation or differentiation during early gestation.
67
How is congenital limb deficiency classified?
Transverse (complete absence beyond point) or longitudinal (partial absence along bone axis).
68
What is the difference between terminal and intercalary deficiency?
Terminal: entire distal limb missing; Intercalary: middle segment missing, ends preserved.
69
What are clinical findings in congenital limb deficiency?
Angular deformities, flail segments, malrotation, muscle deficiencies.
70
What are prosthetic considerations in children?
Comfort, growth, simplicity, durability. Lower-limb prostheses more accepted.
71
How does the HAAT model apply to limb deficiencies?
Human: limb absence; Activity: mobility, grasp; Assistive Tech: prostheses, custom aids.
72
Why is early prosthetic fitting important?
Encourages movement patterns, psychosocial adjustment, and independence.
73
Describe the pathogenesis and classification of Cerebral Palsy (CP).
CP is caused by brain injury or developmental issues; classified by motor type (spastic, etc.) and affected region (quadriplegia, etc.).
74
What are the common clinical features of Cerebral Palsy?
Altered tone, persistent reflexes, posture issues, seizures, oromotor problems.
75
Explain the role of imaging in diagnosing CP.
MRI is used to detect lesions such as PVL or infarcts.
76
What are the rehabilitation goals and interventions for children with CP?
Improve function, reduce spasticity, assistive devices, therapies.
77
Discuss the role and types of orthotic devices used in CP.
AFOs, wrist splints, and spinal braces support movement and prevent deformities.
78
How is drooling managed in children with CP?
Anticholinergics and botox injections to reduce secretions.
79
What assistive technologies are used in the home for children with CP?
Seating systems, walkers, bathing aids, ramps.
80
Describe the pathogenesis and clinical progression of DMD.
X-linked disorder; progressive weakness, Gower’s sign, cardiopulmonary complications.
81
Explain the common physical signs and diagnostic features of DMD.
Waddling gait, calf hypertrophy, Gower’s sign, lordosis.
82
Discuss the treatment and rehabilitation approach in DMD.
Steroids, PT, psychosocial support, orthotics.
83
What are the goals of physical therapy in children with DMD?
Prevent contractures and muscle atrophy.
84
Why are night-time AFOs recommended in DMD patients?
Maintain ankle position, stretch tendons, delay deformities.
85
Describe the types and classification of congenital limb deficiency.
Transverse: no limb past a level; Longitudinal: partial absence.
86
What are the clinical signs seen in children with limb deficiencies?
Deformities, malrotation, missing segments.
87
What are the key prosthetic considerations in children with limb deficiencies?
Growth, simplicity, durability, acceptance.
88
What is the role of early prosthetic fitting in congenital limb deficiency?
Supports early mobility, adaptation, and independence.

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