PEDIATRIC ILLNESES: Disorders of The Upper Respiratory Tract

Question 1

What is Choanal Atresia?

Answer 1

Congenital obstruction of the posterior nares by an obstructing membrane or bony growth, preventing a newborn from drawing air through the nose and down into the nasopharynx.

Question 2

What are the two types of Choanal Atresia?

Answer 2

1. Unilateral
2. Bilateral

Question 3

How is Choanal Atresia assessed?

Answer 3

1. Passing a soft #8 or #10 French catheter through the posterior nares to the stomach.
2. Holding a newborn’s mouth closed and gently compressing one nostril and then the other.
3. Becoming cyanotic during breastfeeding.

Question 4

What is the treatment for Choanal Atresia?

Answer 4

a) Local piercing of the obstructing membrane
b) Surgical removal of the bony growth

Question 5

What is the management for Choanal Atresia?

Answer 5

IVF to maintain glucose and fluid levels until surgery can be performed.

Question 6

What is Acute Nasopharyngitis?

Answer 6

Common cold with an incubation period of 2-3 days.

Question 7

What are the main causes of Acute Nasopharyngitis?

Answer 7

1. Rhinovirus
2. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
3. Adenovirus
4. Parainfluenza viruses
5. Influenza viruses

Question 8

What are the symptoms of Acute Nasopharyngitis?

Answer 8

Nasal congestion, watery rhinitis, low-grade fever, edematous and inflamed nose mucous membrane.

Question 9

What is the treatment for Acute Nasopharyngitis?

Answer 9

a) Acetaminophen or Ibuprofen for fever
b) Saline nosedrops or nasal spray
c) Bulb syringe
d) Cool mist vaporizer

Question 10

What is Epistaxis?

Answer 10

Nosebleed that occurs from trauma or dry air.

Question 11

What are the management steps for Epistaxis?

Answer 11

1. Put children in an upright position with their head tilted slightly forward.
2. Apply pressure to the cartilage on the sides of the nose with fingers for 10 minutes.
3. Quiet the child to minimize crying.

Question 12

What is Pharyngitis?

Answer 12

Infection and inflammation of the throat/pharynx with an incubation period of 2-5 days.

Question 13

What are the types of Pharyngitis?

Answer 13

1. Viral Pharyngitis
2. Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Question 14

What are the symptoms of Viral Pharyngitis?

Answer 14

1. Sore throat
2. fever
3. rhinorrhea
4. cough
5. general malaise.

Question 15

What is the treatment for Viral Pharyngitis?

Answer 15

Oral analgesics and gargling warm water.

Question 16

What are the symptoms of Streptococcal Pharyngitis?

Answer 16

Erythema in the back of the throat, enlarged tonsils, white exudate, petechiae on the palate, fever, sore throat, headache, stomach ache, dysphagia, and a sandpaper-like rash.

Question 17

What is the treatment for Streptococcal Pharyngitis?

Answer 17

Antibiotics (penicillin & cephalosporin).

Question 18

What is Retropharyngeal Abscess?

Answer 18

Abscess in retropharyngeal lymph nodes that may impact the airway.

Question 19

What are the assessment signs for Retropharyngeal Abscess?

Answer 19

High fever, refusal to eat, drooling, snoring with respiration.

Question 20

What is the treatment for Retropharyngeal Abscess?

Answer 20

a) IV antibiotic treatment
b) Tonsillectomy
c) Adenoidectomy

Question 21

What is Sinusitis?

Answer 21

Inflammation of the sinus cavities, mostly occurring in children under 5 years old.

Question 22

What are the symptoms of Sinusitis?

Answer 22

Fever, nasal discharge, cough for over 10 days.

Question 23

What is the treatment for Sinusitis?

Answer 23

Analgesics and antibiotics.

Question 24

What is Laryngitis?

Answer 24

Inflammation of the larynx causing a brassy, hoarse voice.

Question 25

What is Tracheomalacia?

Answer 25

Congenital condition where weak laryngeal structure collapses on inhalation, producing stridor.

Question 26

What is Croup?

Answer 26

Inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and major bronchi, occurring in children aged 6 months to 3 years.

Question 27

What are the assessment signs of Croup?

Answer 27

1. Stridor 2. Subglottic swelling 3. Seal-bark cough 4. Symptoms occurring at night.

Question 28

What is Epiglottitis?

Answer 28

Inflammation of the epiglottis, a rare but emergency situation.

Question 29

What are the primary symptoms of Epiglottitis?

Answer 29

1. Upper respiratory tract infection 2. DROOLING 3. TRIPOD POSITION 4. high fever 5. hoarseness 6. dysphagia 7. cherry-red epiglottis. 8. stridor 9. sore throat

Question 30

What is the management for Epiglottitis?

Answer 30

Do not use a tongue blade; establish endotracheal intubation.

Question 31

What is Aspiration?

Answer 31

Inhalation of a foreign object into the airway, mostly in infants and toddlers.

Question 32

What is the management for Aspiration?

Answer 32

Series of back blows or subdiaphragmatic abdominal thrusts for school-age children; back blows and chest thrusts for infants.

Question 33

What is Bronchial Obstruction?

Answer 33

Aspirated foreign object in the right bronchus, potentially causing complications.

Question 34

What are the complications of Bronchial Obstruction?

Answer 34

1. hemoptysis 2. atelectasis 3. pneumothorax 4. purulent sputum 5. infection 6. leukocytosis 7. fever

Question 35

What are the assessment **signs** for Bronchial Obstruction?

Answer 35

1. Dyspnea due to coughing 2. wheezing 3. X-ray if object is radiopaque.

Question 36

What is the management for Bronchial Obstruction?

Answer 36

Bronchoscopy, assess for bronchial edema and airway obstruction, NPO for at least 1 hour.

Question 37

What is Influenza?

Answer 37

Inflammation and infection of the major airways caused by Orthomyxovirus.

Question 38

What are the signs and symptoms of Influenza?

Answer 38

Cough, fever, fatigue, body aches, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea.

Question 39

What is the treatment for Influenza?

Answer 39

Oseltamivir for young children or those with cardiac/respiratory disease; inactivated or activated vaccine.

Question 40

What is Bronchitis?

Answer 40

Inflammation of the major bronchi and trachea, common in preschool and school-age children.

Question 41

What are the assessment signs for Bronchitis?

Answer 41

1. Mild upper tract infection 2. fever 3. dry hacking cough symptoms lasting for a week.

Question 42

What is the management for Bronchitis?

Answer 42

Antibiotics and hydration.

Question 43

What is Bronchiolitis?

Answer 43

Inflammation and edema of the fine bronchioles and small bronchi, most common in children under 2 years old.

Question 44

What are the assessment signs for Bronchiolitis?

Answer 44

Viral respiratory infection with congestion, rhinorrhea, low fever, progressing to cough, wheezing, and retractions.

Question 45

What is the management for Bronchiolitis?

Answer 45

Antipyretics, adequate hydration, nasal suctioning for less severe symptoms; hospitalization for severe symptoms.