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Therapeutics III > Pediatric Nutrition and Hydration - Block 4 > Flashcards

Pediatric Nutrition and Hydration - Block 4 Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

Estimated average requirements (EARs)

A

Nutrient intake that meets the needs of half of the healthy persons in a group

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2
Q

Recommended daily allowances (RDAs)

A

Nutrient intake that meets the needs of almost all persons in a designated group

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3
Q

Adequate intakes (AIs)

A

Average intake for the designated group that appears to sustain growth or other indicator of health

Reserved for nutrients for which no EAR or RDA has been determined

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4
Q

Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs)

A

Maximum nutrient intake unlikely to pose adverse effects in almost all persons in a designated group

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5
Q

Stress factors in children?

A
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6
Q

Why does formula have problems with constipation?

A

Breast milk has glycerin (osmotic laxatives)

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7
Q

Fat nutrition in infants?

A

Fat intake is critical for CNS growth <3YO:
* 30-40% of energy in 1-3YO
* 25-35% of energy in 4-18 YO

Fat-restricted diets (skim milk) should not be imposed until after the age of 2 to 3 years except under medical supervision

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8
Q

Fiber requirements in infants?

A

19g/day for 1-3YO
24 g/d for 4-8 YO
26-31 g/d for 9-13 YO

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9
Q

What are the fluid requirements for children?

A
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10
Q

Factors that increase fluid requirements?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Radiant warmenrs
  3. Diuretics
  4. Vomiting
  5. Diarrhea
  6. DI
  7. Hyperventilation
  8. Sweating
  9. Increased metabolism
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11
Q

Facotrs that decrease fluid requiremnts?

A
  1. FLuid overload
  2. HF
  3. Decreased UO
  4. Kidney failure
  5. Hypoalbuminemia
  6. SIADH
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12
Q

Early stages of life is the time to ___?

A

Embed healthy eating habits

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13
Q

Nutrition for birth to 6 months?

A

Breastmilk or infant formula:
* Breastmilk if possible but lacks Vit D
* Formula lacks anti-infective properties, growth factors, digestive enzymes, and hormones found in breastmilk

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14
Q

Nutrition for 6 months to 1 year?

A

Introduction of solid foods at 4-6 months:
* Introduce a variety of food from all the food groups

Continue breastmilk/formula feeding as needed to achieve satiety:
* Watch iron and zinc consumption

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15
Q

When does nutritive sucking ability develops?

A

34 weeks

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16
Q

Stomach capacity of a newborn?

A

20-90 mL

Gastric capacity increases from 90 to 180 mL by 1 month of age

  • Human milk empties from the stomach at a faster rate than formula
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17
Q

Human milk benefits for infants?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. COmplete nutrition
  2. Growth and development
  3. Bonding
  4. Decreased infection
  5. Higher IQ
18
Q

Benefits of mothers breastfeeding?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Bonding
  2. Decreased postpartum bleeding
  3. Decreased time to uterus involution
  4. Decreased rate of depression and other cormorbidities
  5. Faster return to pre-pregnancy weight
  6. Decreased cost
19
Q

Benefist to society for breast feeding?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Bonding
  2. Decreased cost for formula
  3. Decreased lost time from work due to infant illnesses
  4. Decreased overall healthcare costs; decreased disease burden
20
Q

What are the contents of human milk?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Fat provides 50% and lactose provides 40% of the total energy
  • By 2 to 4 weeks, human milk is considered mature and provides approximately 18 to 20 kcal/oz depending on the fat content
21
Q

What is colostrum?

Study These Flashcards
A

First fluid secreted by the breast after delivery is an intense yellow fluid (high in carotenoids)

22
Q

CI to breastfeed?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Chemo
  2. amphetamines, ergotamine, and statins
  3. Phencyclidine, cocaine, or cannabis
  4. Active brucellosis
  5. Infants with galactosemia who require a lactose-free diet
23
Q

What is the infant formula act of 1980?

Study These Flashcards
A

Must include 9-29 ingredients

Exempt formulas require a prescription for use and cannot be sold in retail

24
Q

What are the forms of infant formulas?

Study These Flashcards
A

Ready to feed, powder for reconstitution, and concentrated liquids

25
Formulas used for lactose allergy or vegans?
Soy based
26
Types of carbs?
monosaccharides, disaccharides (sucrose, lactose), oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
27
Sources of carbs in formulas?
lactose, corn syrup solids (glucose), maltodextrin, sucrose, and corn, tapioca, and potato starch
28
Sources of proteins in formulas?
cow milk protein (casein and whey), soy protein, and casein and whey hydrolyzed to peptides and amino acids
29
SOurces of fat in infant formulas?
coconut, corn, soy, sunflower, or safflower oil
30
Pre mature iron intake?
2mg E Fe/kg should be given at beginning 1 month of age and continuing through 12 months Iron supplementation (1 mg/kg daily) is recommended beginning at 4 months of age for term infants receiving exclusive human milk feeding or less than 50% of their daily feedings as iron-fortified formula
31
Vitamin D supplementations in infants?
400 IU (10 mcg) daily starting a few days after birth regardless of their mode of feeding until they are receiving at least 32 oz After 12 months of age, the recommended intake in children and adolescents is 600 IU/day
32
How do you screen and diagnose obesity?
33
How do you evaluate obesity?
34
How do you treat childhood obesity?
35
S/s of mild-moderate dehydration?
Restlessness Irritability Sunken eyes Rapid pulse Increase thirst, dry mouth Mild skin tenting Decrease urine output Dark urine Decreased tears Depressed fontanelle Slow capillary refill
36
Severe dehydration s/s?
Lethargy Unconsciousness Significant thirst, very dry mouth Prolonged skin tenting Weak or absent pulse Low blood pressure Minimal to no urine output Poor capillary refill
37
How do you calculate rehydration fluid for dehydration?
38
What if the degree of dehydration?
The difference between the pre-illness and illness weights divided by the pre-illness weight, then multiplied by 100 Every 1 kg of weight lost is equivalent to 1 L of fluid loss
39
What is the treatment for mild-mod dehydration?
Oral rehydration
40
Fluids for PO rehydration contains?
Na and glucose: 75 mEq/L (mmol/L) of sodium and 13.5 g/L of glucose resulting in a solution with an osmolality of 245 mOsm/L
41
CI for PO rehydration?
Altered mental status due to risk of aspiration, abdominal ileus, underlying intestinal malabsorption syndromes
42
Ex of ORT?
Pedialyte

Therapeutics III (40 decks)

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