Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NPTE > Pediatrics > Flashcards

Pediatrics Flashcards

(81 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

APGAR Score

A

Used to report the health of a newborn after delivery
Appearance (color)
Pulse rate
Grimace (reflex irritability)
Activity
Respiration
0-2 scale (2 - normal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Normal APGAR

A

Pink
> 100 bpm
Pulls away, sneeze or cough
Active movement
Vigorous cry

Score of 7-10 is considered normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Development concept: cephalic to caudal

A

Development occurs from head and UE to trunk and LE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Development concept: gross to fine

A

Gross motor/large muscle movements develop before small muscle/fine skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Development concept: mass to specific

A

Simple movements are acquired before complex movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Development concept: proximal to distal

A

Trunk control is acquired prior to distal control (extremities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR)

A

Stimulus: head turned to one side
Response: arm and leg on the face side extend, arm and leg on the scalp side flex. Spine is curved with convex toward face side.
Age: birth to 6 mo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ATNR Abnormality may cause:

A

Interferes with:
Feeding
Visual tracking
Midline use of hands
Bilateral hand use
Rolling!
Development of crawling
Skeletal deformities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR)

A

Stimulus: flexion or extension of head
Response: when head is flexed, arms are flexed and legs are extended. When head is extended, arms are extended and legs are flexed
Age: 6-12 mo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

STNR Abnormality may cause:

A

Interferes with:
Ability to prop on arms in prone
Attaining hands and knees position
Crawling
Sitting balance
Use of hands when looking at object in hands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR)

A

Stimulus: position of labyrinth in inner ear, based on head position
Response: supine - body and extremities are in extension, prone - body and extremities are in flexion
Age: birth-6 mo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

TLR Abnormality may cause:

A

Interferes with:
Ability to initiate rolling
Ability to prop on elbows with extended hips when prone
Ability to flex trunk and hips to come to sitting from supine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Galant Reflex

A

Stimulus: touch to skin along spine from shoulder to hip
Response: lateral flexion of trunk to side of stimulus
Age: 30 wks of gestation-2 mo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Galant reflex abnormality may cause:

A

Interferes with:
Development of sitting balance
Scoliosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Palmar Grasp Reflex

A

Stimulus: pressure in palm
Response: flexion of fingers around stimulus
Age: birth-4 mo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Palmar grasp reflex abnormality

A

Interferes with:
Ability to grasp and release objects voluntarily
WB on open hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Plantar Grasp Reflex

A

Stimulus: pressure to base of toes
Response: toe flexion
Age: 28 wk gestation-9 mo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Plantar grasp reflex abnormality

A

Interferes with:
Ability to stand with flat feet
Balance reactions, weight shifting in standing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Stimulus: touch on cheek
Response: head turn to same side with mouth open
Age: 28 wk gestation-3 mo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Rooting reflex abnormality

A

Interferes with:
Oral motor development
Midline head control
Optical righting, visual tracking, social interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Moro reflex

A

Stimulus: head dropping into extension
Response: arms abduct with fingers open, then cross midline to adduction, cry
Age: 28 wk gestation-5 mo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Moro reflex abnormality

A

Interferes with:
Balance reactions in sitting
Protective responses in sitting
Hand eye coordination
Visual tracking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Startle reflex

A

Stimulus: loud, sudden noise
Response: similar to moro reflex, elbows flexed and hands closed
Age: 28 wk gestation-5 mo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Startle reflex abnormality

A

Interferes with:
Sitting balance
Protective responses in sitting
Hand eye coordination
Visual tracking
Social interaction, attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Positive support reflex
Stimulus: weight placed on balls of feet when upright Response: stiffening of legs and trunk into extension Age: 35 wk gestation-2 mo
26
Positive support reflex abnormality
Interferes with: Standing and walking Balance reactions and weight shifting in standing Possible PF contracture
27
Walking (stepping) reflex
Stimulus: supported upright position with soles of feet on firm surface Response: reciprocal flexion/extension of legs Age: 38 wk-2 mo
28
Walking reflex abnormality
Interferes with: Standing and walking Balance reactions and weight shifting in standing Development of smooth coordinated reciprocal movement of LE
29
Development of 0-1 mo
Prone: physiological flexion, brief head lift, head to side Supine: physiological flexion, partial roll to side Sitting: head lag in pull to sit Standing: reflexive walking pattern Fine motor: objects in direct line of sight, follows to midline, hands fisted, jerky UE, random or purposeful movement
30
Development of 2-3 mo
Prone: lifts head to 90 deg briefly, chest up position with some WB through forearms, rolls prone to supine Supine: ATNR, reciprocal leg kicking, prefers head to side Sitting: head upright with bobbing, variable head lag in pull to sit, req full assistance to sit Standing: poor WB, hip flexion with hips behind shoulders Fine motor: can see further distances, tracks 180 deg, hands opening, reflexive grasp (palmar grasp)
31
Development of 4-5 mo
Prone: bears weight on extended arms, pivots to grab objects Supine: rolls supine to SL, feet in mouth Sitting: steady head, turns head, can sit alone briefly Standing: full WB with support Fine motor: grasp and release, ulnar-palmar grasp
32
Development of 6-7 mo
Prone: supine to prone roll, reaches for toys Supine: lifts head Sitting: can get to sitting independently, can sit independently, lifts head Mobility: backward crawl Fine: radial-palmar grasp, approaches object with one hand in neutral position, voluntary object release
33
Development of 8-9 mo
Prone: hands and knees position Supine: does not tolerate Sitting: moves from sitting to prone, sits without hands, pivots Standing: pulls to stand with furniture, stands at furniture, lowers to sitting Mobility: crawls forward, cruises along furniture Fine: radial-digital grasp, points/pokes, takes objects out of container
34
Development of 10-11 mo
Standing: stands briefly without support, pull to stand with half kneel intermediate position, picks objects up while standing Mobility: walks with 1-2 hand hold, bear crawl/creep Fine motor: fine pincer grip, puts objects into container, grasps crayon adaptively
35
Development of 12-15 mo
Walks without support Fast walking Walks sideways Bends over to look between legs Creeps upstairs Throws ball in sitting Builds tower with minimal cubes Turns over small container to obtain contents
36
Development of 16-24 mo
Squats in play Walks backward Walks up and down stairs with one hand held, using both feet on step Propels ride on toys Kicks and throws ball Picks up toy without falling Folds paper Stacks more cubes Holds crayon with thumb and fingers
37
Development of 2 yo
Rides tricycle Walks on tiptoes Runs on toes Walks downstairs with alternating feet Catches large ball Hops on one foot Turns knob Opens/closes jar Button large buttons Folds paper/clothes
38
Preschool age development (3-4 yo)
Throws ball 10 feet Walks on line 10 feet Hops 2-10x on one foot Jumps distances Jumps over obstacles Runs fast and avoids obstacles Cuts with scissors Hand preference
39
Early school age development (5-8 yo)
Skips Gallops Jump rope Bounce large ball Kick ball with control Writes well Able to button small buttons
40
Later school age development (9-12 yo)
Mature movement patterns Competition increases Improved balance, coordination, endurance
41
Adolescent development (13+ yo)
Rapid growth in size and strength Puberty Balance, coordination, hand eye coordination plateau during growth spurt Improved dexterity
42
Pediatric positioning: supine
30-90 deg hip flexion 10-20 deg hip abduction Slight cervical flexion Knees in flexion Feet at 90 deg
43
Pediatric positioning: prone
Hips in extension 10-20 deg hip abduction Slight cervical flexion Flexion of elbows and shoulders Knees extended Feet at 90 deg
44
Pediatric positioning: sidelying
Hips in flexion 10-20 deg abduction Slight cervical flexion 0-40 deg of IR of upper arm Knees in flexion Feet at 90 deg Pillow between knees
45
Pediatric positioning: sitting
90 deg hip flexion 10-20 deg hip abduction Shoulders over hips Elbows in flexion 0-45 deg of IR at shoulders Knees and ankles at 90 deg
46
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (AMC)
Non-progressive NM disorder, occurs during 1st trimester in utero Causes fibrosis of muscles and joint structures May be caused by poor movement during early development due to myopathic, neuropathic, or joint abnormalities "Multiple joint curvatures present at birth"
47
Signs and symptoms of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita
Cylinder like extremities with minimal definition Significant contractures Dislocation of joints Muscle atrophy
48
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita treatment
Positioning Stretching Strengthening Splinting Adaptive equipment Possible surgery
49
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Group of development disorders that are characterized by difficulties with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors
50
Signs and symptoms of ASD
Approx 2-3 yo Non-purposeful (or absence of) speech Inability to understand non-verbal cues Limited interest or awkwardness in social interaction Lack of empathy Defensiveness towards sensory stimulation Perseverations Preoccupation with routine and rituals Decreased coordination
51
ASD Treatment
Multidisciplinary Improving social communication Decreasing non-purposeful movements and vocalizations Sensory integration therapy
52
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
Movement disorders due to brain damage, non-progressive and acquired in utero, during birth, or infancy. Caused by: -Lack of oxygen -Maternal infections -Drug or alcohol abuse -Placental abnormalities -Toxemia -Prolonged labor -Prematurity
53
CP Signs and symptoms
Abnormal muscle tone Impaired modulation of movement Presence of abnormal reflexes Impaired mobility
54
Spastic CP
Lesion to the motor cortex UMN damage Jerky movement, muscle tightness, joint stiffness
55
Athetoid CP
Lesion in the basal ganglia Writhing movements
56
Monoplegia CP
Involves one extremity
57
Diplegia CP
Involves bilateral LE
58
Hemiplegia CP
Involves unilateral upper and lower extremities
59
Quadriplegia CP
Involves the entire body
60
CP Treatment
Normalization of tone Stretching Strengthening Motor learning and developmental milestones Positioning Weight bearing activities Mobility skills Splinting, AD, specialized seating Surgical intervention for spasticity
61
Down Syndrome
Genetic abnormality, addition of an extra chromosome (21)
62
Down syndrome signs and symptoms
Intellectual disability Hypotonia Joint hypermobility Flattened nasal bridge Narrow eyelids Small mouth Feeding impairments Flat feet Scoliosis Congenital heart disease Visual and hearing loss
63
Down syndrome treatment
Emphasize exercise and fitness Stability Respiratory function
64
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
Progressive disorder due to absence of the dystrophin and nebulin production genes, causing impaired muscle contractility and destruction of myofibrils. Fat and connective tissue infiltration in muscle Death due to cardiopulmonary failure prior to 25 yo X linked recessive trait (mother is silent carrier, only male children manifest)
65
DMD Signs and symptoms
2-5 yo Progressive weakness (proximal to distal) Disinterest in running Falling Toe walking Pseudohypertrophy of calves Gower signs
66
DMD Treatment
Avoid strength training! Respiratory function Submaximal exercise Mobility skills Splinting, orthotics, adaptive equipment Medical: immunosuppressants, steroids, surgery
67
Prader Willi Syndrome
Genetic condition caused by partial deletion of chromosome 15
68
Prader Willi Syndrome Signs and symptoms
Small hands, feet, and sex organs Hypotonia Almond shaped eyes Obesity Constant desire for food Coordination impairments Intellectual disability
69
Prader Willi Syndrome Treatment
Postural control Exercise and fitness Gross and fine motor skills training
70
Spina Bifida
Developmental abnormality due to insufficient closure of neural tube. Occurs in low thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions and impacts the CNS, MSK, and urinary systems.
71
Spina Bifida Occulta
Impairment and non-fusion of the spinous processes of a vertebra, with intact meninges and spinal cord. No disability associated.
72
Spina Bifida Cystica
Cyst like protrusion through the non-fused vertebrae, causing impairment.
73
Meningocele (Spina Bifida)
Herniation of the meninges and CSF into a sac that protrudes through the vertebral defect. Spinal cord remains in canal.
74
Myelomeningocele (Spina Bifida)
Severe form Herniation of the meninges, CSF, and spinal cord through the vertebral defect. May or may not be covered by skin.
75
Spina Bifida Signs and symptoms
Specific to myelomeningocele: Motor loss below the level of the defect Sensory deficits Hydrocephalus Arnold Chiari Type II malformation Osteoporosis Club foot Scoliosis Tethered cord syndrome Latex allergy Bowel and bladder dysfunction Learning disabilities
76
Spinal Muscle Atrophy (SMA)
Progressive degeneration of the anterior horn cell. Autosomal recessive genetic inheritance
77
Acute infantile SMA
Between birth-2 mo Motor degeneration progresses quickly < 1 yr life expectancy
78
Chronic childhood SMA
Between 6 mo-1 yr Slower progression, steady impairments Can survive into adulthood
79
Juvenile SMA
4-17 yo Survive into adulthood
80
SMA signs and symptoms
Progressive muscle weakness and atrophy Diminished or absent DTRs Normal intelligence Intact sensation End stage respiratory compromise
81
SMA Treatment
Positioning Vestibular and visual stimulation Access to play Mobility training AD and adaptive equipment

NPTE (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions