Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3. HM Companion Module > Pediatrics > Flashcards

Pediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

how often should the healthy neonate nurse?

A

-every 2-3 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

most important consideration to determine a healthy neonate

A

-gaining weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

normal neonate growth rate, and what it means if growth is not acheived

A

Double weight in 1 - 2 weeks
>Failure to grow is a negative sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

if a neonate is being hand-reared, when should their weight double by? How often should they be wieghed?

A

Should double their birth weight by 7-10 days of age
-Neonates should be weighed daily until at least 3 weeks of age to ensure proper weight gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how do the fluid requirements of neonates differ from other life stages and why?

A

Fluid requirements are higher in neonates
-Higher body water content
-Immature renal functions
-Rapid fluid turnover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

if hand rearing a neonate, at what temp should you not feed?

A

Should not be fed if body temperature is below 36C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what happens if you feed a neonate that is hypothermic (>36C)?

A

hypothermia
>ileus, gut stand still
>previously ingested milk ferments
>bloat
>dysplnea, increased pressure on thorax
>neonate in pain, distress, air is swallowed
>More bloat……etc.
>regurgitation > aspiration pneumonia

> note that tube or force feed can also cause aspiration pneumonia here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the keys to resuscitation post c-section

A

Be prepared
>all about BREATHING AND WARMTH

-clear nose, mouth
-keep head tilted down
-brisk rubbing with towel all over > stimulates respiration, keeps neonate warm

> Should be crying and pink <2 min

> tie off umbilicus and bad with iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is fading syndrome and what are risk factors?

A

-Born apparently healthy
-Stop nursing, weaken, die
>No specific clinical signs or obvious cause

Risk factors:
-dystocia, low birth weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

4 ‘hypos’ of fading syndrome

A

Hypothermia
Hypovolemia
Hypoglycemia
Hypoxemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

most important viral cause of diarrhea in older pups and kittens

A

parvovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is neonatal isoerythrolysis? when does it occur? how do we deal with this?

A

Type A or AB kittens born to type B queens
-Maternal anti-A antibodies in colostrum
-Sudden death, fading, tail tip necrosis
-Blood-type parents
-Remove kittens at risk for 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What defines neonate vs infant vs juvenile

A

Neonate: Birth – 10-14 days
Infant: 2-5/6 weeks (pre-weaning)
Juvenile: Post-weaning – 6 months (puberty)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Signs of a sick neonate include:

A

Weak, restless/vocalizing persistently, being ignored, isolated, not gaining weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tube feeding is necessary during hand rearing if:

-when should we not tube feed?

A

-If the neonate will not nurse from the bottle, or isn’t gaining the expected weight
-Kittens/puppies should not be tube fed if their temperature is below 36C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when do physiologic processes mature in the juvenile?

A

by 8-12 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

dam considerations for neonatal health

A

General health
Age
Nutrition
Infections
Parasitism
Sanitation
Genetic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

parturition factors for neonatal health

A

Normal birth weight
Hypoxia

Prolonged labor
Dystocia
Early placental separation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

indications for neonatal physical exam

A

Post C-section
Preventative health care program
Cosmetic procedures
Sick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

shape of a healthy neonate, and refleces

A

“Fat and sleek”
>Round abdomens, elastic skin (pups > kittens)

Robust & strong vitality reflexes
>Strong rooting, suckling, righting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

neonatal healthy responses to test in PE

A

Righting
Responsive to noxious tactile stimuli
Responsive to odors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

5 signs of the sick neonate

A
  1. weak (limp, poor reflexes)
  2. Restless, persistent vocalization
  3. being ignored
  4. isolation
  5. poor weight gain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

wht do we need to watch out for in terms of neonate hydration and what can we look at to observe this

A

-Prone to dehydration and volume overload
-Mucous membranes
>Tongue should be light pink and moist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where externally on the neonate can we see signs of sepsis

A

Ventral abdomen - sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how often to weigh neonate

A

2x daily

26
Q

neonates get which relfex at 6 days to help with temp regulation - what are they considered before this?

A

shivering at 6 days
-before this, poikilothermic

27
Q

normal heart rate for neonate

A

> 200

28
Q

hypothermia or hypoxia leads to what heart condition in the neonate

A

bradycardia

29
Q

when will neonate eyes and ears open, and when will menace, PLR, and hearing mature?

A

Open 5 – 14 days
Menace, PLR, hearing mature by 4 weeks

30
Q

what does normal neonate skin look like? what are 3 common conditions to look out for?

A

Normally shiny
Focal alopecia: prematurity, grooming
Erythema: heat stress, sepsis
Ulcers: septic emboli

-Bleeding
Petechiation: canine alphaherpesvirus
Ecchymoses: hypoprothrombinemia

Lice

31
Q

common issues of neonate oral cavity

A

Cleft palate, short soft palate
Lingual ulcers and bleeding

32
Q

common problems of neonate abdomen

A

Distension (gas)
Pain (gas, canine alphaherpesvirus)

33
Q

common problems of neonate anus

A

Erythematous (diarrhea)
Imperforate (constipation)

34
Q

firm stools for neonate means? liquid?

A

-firm = dehydration

-Liquid stool abnormal:
>Green and foamy
>Bright yellow (canine alphaherpesvirus)
>Blood-tinged (sepsis)
>Bocavirus (CPV-1, minute virus of canines)

35
Q

why hand rear?

A

Maternal weakness
Orphan
>Stray cats
Agalactia
Foster

36
Q

why must warmth be provided to any neonate? rule of thumb for housing temp?

A

cannot regulate thier body temp <2 weeks of age

Rule of thumb: Back of hand should be held to hottest area of housing for at least 2 minutes
>If too uncomfortable, it is too hot for the neonates

37
Q

rearing area temp and humidity for neonates?

A

Temperature (32 °C 1st week)
Humidity (55 – 65%)
Cleanliness

38
Q

hand rearing - what do we feed and when?

A

-For first 3-4 weeks of life, milk replacers will be only source of nutrition
-Thereafter, weaned onto soft gruel
>Supplemented with milk replacer

39
Q

temp of milk replacer when it is fed

A

body temp - 37.8

40
Q

if using powedered ,ilk replacer, how much should you make in one batch?

A

If made from powder, only amount used in 24 hours should be made
>Leftover discarded

41
Q

feeding schedule for heand reared neonate

A

1st week q2 – 3h
2nd week q4h
3rd – 4th week q6h

42
Q

options for hand feeding neonate and when to use

A

Nursing bottle
>Strong suckling reflex
Stomach tube (gavage)
>Weak reflex, faster

43
Q

Main source of energy during first weeks of life, for puppies and kittens:

A

Puppies: fat
Kittens: protein

44
Q

proper positioning for bottle feeding

A

Forward and upward stretched head and neck

45
Q

tube feeding for neonate necessary when?

A

-If neonate will not nurse from bottle
-Neonate doesn’t gain the expected weight due to illness or malformation

46
Q

do not use feeding tube if temp less than:

A

< 35.5C

47
Q

feeding tube technique and stomach volume of neonate

A

Clean and dry feeding tube gently inserted into mouth while holding patient upright
Negative pressure
Check residual volume
Stomach volume 50 mL/kg
Tube withdrawal and burp
>Tube pinched and removed quickly

48
Q

how to stimulate neonaate pooping

A

Stimulate anogenital region with warm, moistened cotton ball/towel

49
Q

COMMON PITFALLS of hand rearing nutrition

A

Over-feeding
>Diarrhea or constipation

Underfeeding
>Dehydration
>Lack of weight gain/weight loss
>Lethargy
>Malnutrition

50
Q

weaning food schedule - when semisolid food, when solid?

A

> Can begin eating semisolid food as early as 3-4 weeks
By 5-6 weeks, puppies/kittens should be able to eat solid food formulated for their age group and size

51
Q

after C-section: If heart beating and not breathing, what to do?

A

keep warming and stimulating
-Oxygen face mask
-GV 26 (Jen Chung) acupuncture point
>25ga needle, repeated “pecking”
-Tiny endotracheal tube and gentle inflation
>1-2mm tube, or 18g IV catheter
-Doxapram only if oxygenated
>Inject umbilical vein (not sublingual)

52
Q

when do we do CPR for neonate after C section

A

CPR if not breathing & no heart beat

53
Q

treatment for fading syndrome

A

1) Consider isolating from mother and litter (not if dam very attentive)
2) Treat four Hypos

54
Q

How to treat hypoglycemia?

A

dextrose by tube, or IV/IO

55
Q

antibiotic for neonate sepsis?

A

ampicillin, or other

56
Q

how to relieve abdominal distension in neonate

A

Confirm gas with radiograph

Stomach tube

Rectal tube

Trocharize with hypodermic needle

57
Q

what to give to fading kittne

A

5 g L-thyroxine once daily (25 g tabs)

58
Q

what dam condition gives pups increased risk of fading syndrome

A

hypothyroid

59
Q

prognosis and mortality for fading syndrome

A

Pre-weaning mortality rates 10 – 30%
>50% in first 3 days
>65% in first week

Rates lower with prompt therapy
Prognosis poor for solitary sick animal in litter, especially if low birth weight
Can “bounce back” from trauma

60
Q

Systemic neonatal disorders

A

Fading Syndrome

Pneumonia
-Viral (adenovirus, herpes)
-Bacterial

Diarrhea

61
Q

Juvenile hypoglycemia: risk factors

A

Toy breeds
Small muscle mass
Poor liver function
Hypothermia
Triggers
DDx Portosystemic shunt

62
Q

Hyperlipidemia of kittens: when does it occur and what are risk factors

A

3 – 8 weeks of age
Low weight, anemia, heavy flea burden
Analogous to hepatic lipidosis
>Ecto/endoparasite control
>Nutritional support (high protein, low fat)

3. HM Companion Module (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions