Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y5 Specialties Incorrects > Pediatrics > Flashcards

Pediatrics Flashcards

(127 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Neonatal hypoglycemia management?

A

asymptomatic
encourage normal feeding (breast or bottle)
monitor blood glucose

symptomatic or very low blood glucose blood glucose of <1mmol/L
admit
intravenous infusion of 10% dextrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

differentiate between
caput succedaneum
and cephalohematoma

A

caput succadenum -> present at birth, forms over the vertex and crosses suture lines, resolves within days. fluid collection

cephalohematoma -> develops several hours after birth, most common in parietal region, does not cross suture lines, takes months to resolve. blood collection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A newborn infant is noted to have a posterior displacement of the tongue and a cleft palate. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Pierre-Robin Syndrome -> micrognathia (undersized jaw), glossoptosis (posterior displacement of the tongue) and cleft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Differentiate between acute epiglottitis and croup

A

Acute epiglottitis = tripod positioning, drooling!!. Stridor. Caused by Hib -> now seen more commonly in adults due to vaccination program. Diagnosis by direct visualization by senior staff. call anesthetist for intubation! Do not examine throat. Thumb print sign on x ray. IV antibiotics

Croup - stridor!! , SOB. Viral prodrome!! - Parainfluenza virus. Most common cause. Steeple sign on X-ray/supglottiv narrowing. Croup = barking Cough that may sound like a seal. managed with oral dex. SINGLE dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Symptoms seen

A

Cyanosis/ tet spells
collapse in first month of life, Ejection systolic murmur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

symptoms of noonan syndrome?

A

Webbed neck
Pectus excavatum
Short stature
Pulmonary stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A 2-week-old infant with a small chin, posterior displacement of the tongue and cleft palate has what syndrome?

A

pierre robin syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Management for ophthalmia neonatorum (infection of newborn eye)

A

Same day ophthalmology referral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens in necrotising enterocolitis?

management?

A

bowel of premature infants becomes ischaemic and infected.

dilated asymmetrical bowel loops AND pneumatosis intestinalis (intramural gas).!!

abdominal distension. bloody stools may be present

total gut rest and TPN, babies with perforations (eg free fluid in in abdomen) will require laparotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

If a man has a mitochondrial disease, which family member is most likely to be affected?

A

Brother or sister - maternal inheritance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is infantile colic?

A

benign condition characterised by irritability and excessive crying
tends to be worse in the evenings or at night. starts around 6-8 weeks old and most resolve by 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

First sign of puberty in boys?

A

Increase in testicular volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is transient tachypnoea of the newborn?

Diagnostic findings?

risk factor!!

Management?

A

commonest cause of respiratory distress in the newborn period.. rapid breathing, grunting, and mild intercostal recession. caused by delayed resorption of fluid in the lungs

Chest x-ray - hyperinflation of the lungs and fluid in the horizontal fissure.

c section!!

Observation/supportive care. O2 may be needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Whooping cough symptoms?
Management?

A

Paroxysmal cough.
Inspiratory whoop.
Post-tussive vomiting.
Undiagnosed apnoeic attacks in young infants.

Macrolide antibiotics- clarithromycin, azithromycin

school exclusion until 2 days after starting antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Important contraindication to lung transplant in CF?

A

chronic infection with Burkholderia cepacia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A normal pCO2 in an acute asthma attack indicates?

A

Life threatening attack - respiratory exhaustion - not blowing off co2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

distinguish between pathological and physiological jaundice and prolonged jaundice

name causes of each

A

pathological = in first 24 hours. rhesus disease&hemolytic jaundice, blood group incompatibility. hypothyroidism. Coombs test important
tretaments - phototherapy, iV immunoglobulin, exchange transfusion

physiological = days 2-14 eg less developed liver, more rbcs, breast milk

prolonged = beyond 14 days. biliary atresia, hypothyroidism, galactosemia, UTI, breast milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

in a patient that present with acute asthma attack which improves with o2 and salbutamol, what else must be prescribed?

A

oral prednisolone, 40mg for 3-5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hemophilia A has what mode of inheritance?

A

x linked recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

explain the law around medical consent by children under the age of 16 in UK

A

patients less than 16 years old may consent to treatment if they are deemed to be competent (an example is the Fraser guidelines, previously termed Gillick competence), but cannot refuse treatment which may be deemed in their best interest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

non bullous impetigo treatment?

A

hydrogen peroxide cream 1%. exclusuion from school till lesions are crusted and healed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how do you differentiate between infantile spasms (siezures) and infantile colic?

what investigation is needed?

A

In infantile spasms the child will become distressed between spasms, whereas in colic the child will become distressed during the ‘spasms’

eeg - rule out hypsarrhythmia commonly seen in West syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

in a viral induced wheeze, if SABA is not effective, next step in management?

A

ICS or monteleukast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

febrile siezures typically stop at what age?

medication for recurrent febrile siezures?

A

5 years

benzodiazepine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
3-year-old boy. last 12 hours bilious vomiting on multiple occasions. assed one stool which contained small amounts of blood. what is the likely diagnosis? investigation? management?
intusscueption USS = first line = target sign reduction by air insufflation during paroxysm the infant will characteristically draw their knees up and turn pale
26
how can you distinguish between intussuception and necrotising enterocolitis? diagnostic test in NE?
both have abdominal distension, bilious vomiting and bloody stool NE more commonly encountered in premature infants! than young children like intussuception Abdominal x-ray
27
a distended abdomen and bilious vomiting in a 2-week child is highly suggestive of? diagnosis?
intestinal malrotation and volvulus. the obstruction here causes bilious vomiting upper GI contrast study and USS
28
name red flag symptoms in pediatric traffic light system
respiratory rate >60 breaths/minute reduced skin tugor moderate intercostal recession age <3 months!! temp >38 !! weak, high pitched or continous cry
29
scarlet fever symptoms? management?
rash ->. spares palms and soles. ROUGH or sandpaper like texture, sore throat, strawberry tongue may be present oral penicillin 5 for 10 days
30
meningitis treatment in children< 3 months
IV amoxicillin in addition to cefotaxime to cover for Listeria > 3 months is IV cefotaxime or ceftriaxone. note ceftriaxone contraindicated in children <3 months
31
APGAR scoring
Activity Pulse Grimace Appearance Respiration For each thing it’s 0-2 points max
32
A 4-year-old boy is noted to have macrocephaly and learning difficulties. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Fragile X syndrome. also large ears, macro-orchidism
33
why is oligohydramnios a risk factor for DDH?
it restricts foetal movement and thus normal development of the hip joint.
34
symptoms of SCFE?
hip, groin, medial thigh or knee pain. inability to weight bear loss of internal rotation of the leg in flexion may present following acute trauma or chronically commonly in obese boys.
35
in neonates with hypoxic injury, what is done to reduce the chances of HIE?
therapeutic cooling
36
poor prognostic factors for ALL?
male sex presenting <2 years or >10 years; having B or T cell surface markers; and having a WCC > 20 * 10^9/l at diagnosis.
37
ALL symptoms?
anaemia, neutropaenia (infections eg cough) and thrombocytopaenia Others: splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, bone pain *note high number of white cells produced so high wcc!! -> but they do not function properly
38
Perthes disease presentation? (idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head) management?
pain and a limp, reduced tange of hip movements movements. observation. only surgery if fracture or joint collapse
39
transient synovitis presentation?
1-2 weeks after an upper respiratory tract infection or gastrointestinal infection.
40
what type of pulse is seen in a patent ductus arteriosus?
collapsing pulse
41
classify the types of cerebral palsy and structures damaged in each
spastic (70%) subtypes include hemiplegia, diplegia or quadriplegia increased tone resulting from damage to upper motor neurons!!! dyskinetic caused by damage to the basal ganglia and the substantia nigra!!! athetoid movements and oro-motor problems (drooling) ataxic caused by damage to the cerebellum!! with typical cerebellar signs. struggle with fine motor skills! eg building a tower mixed
42
when is the first dose of MMR vaccine given?
at 12-13 months
43
what is an umbilical granuloma?
overgrowth of tissue which occurs during the healing process of the umbilicus. It is most common in the first few weeks of life. On examination, a small, red growth of tissue is seen in the centre of the umbilicus. It is usually wet and leaks small amounts of clear or yellow fluid.
44
what features make penumonia more likely than bronchiolitis?
high fever (over 39°C) and/or persistently focal crackles.
45
name 3 oral live attenuated vaccines
polio rotavirus typhoid
46
in the first ___ minutes of life suboptimal SP02 readings can be expected from a healthy neonate
10 minutes
47
features seen in achondroplasia?
trident hand deformity (short, stubby fingers with separation between the middle and ring fingers), short limbs (rhizomelia), lumbar lordosis and midface hypoplasia.
48
A 16-year-old female presents with chronic left knee pain. The pain is typically felt after jogging. There is also intermittent swelling and locking of the same joint. What is the most likely diagnosis?
osteochondritis dissecans Osgood-Schlatter disease rarely causes pain at rest. with activity pain is localised at tibial tuberosity. swelling can occur
49
VSD increases risk of what condition?
endocarditis
50
what medical condition is associated with fragile x syndrome?
mitral valve prolapse
51
which complication of ALL can lead to recurrent nosebleeds and easy bruising?
DIC
52
hirschprungs disease management?
initially: rectal washouts/bowel irrigation definitive management: surgery
53
risk factors for neonatal RDS? CXR findings?
prematurity maternal diabetes -> insulin inhibits surfactant production c section ground-glass' appearance with an indistinct heart border
54
developmental milestones times
55
name some complications of measles
Otitis Media for Measles. not externa pneumonia encephalitis conjuctivitis myocarditis
56
a benign murmur heard in children and sounds like a continuous blowing noise heard below the clavicles is?
venous hum
57
a 14 year old girl has hemophilia, what other condition does she likely have?
turners syndrome hemophilia is x linked recessive so is expected to only occur in males
58
most common cause of cardiac arrest in children?
hypoxia -> may be choking incident
59
what are the most common causes of cyanotic heart disease?
tetralogy of Fallot transposition of the great arteries (TGA) tricuspid atresia
60
4 year old with bedwetting management?
Children under the age of 5 years who have nocturnal enuresis can be managed with reassurance and advice
61
18 month old girl with acute limp and coryzal symptoms. management?
urgent specialist assesment as <3 years with acute limp transient synovitis uncommon in age group,. septic arthritis more common
62
what are risk factors for RSV and thus warrant administration of Pavalizumab?
Premature infants Infants with lung or heart abnormalities Immunocompromised infants
63
JIA symptoms?
pyrexia salmon-pink rash lymphadenopathy arthritis uveitis
64
intestinal malrotation is associated with which medical conditions?
exomphalos, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intrinsic duodenal atresia
65
differentiate findings in ITP, HSP and meningtis
ITP - non blanching rash, no fever, viral prodrome HSP -> non blanching rash, athralgia, abdominal pain Meningitis -> non blanching rash, fever, other signs of being unwell
66
ASD auscultation findings
ejection systolic murmur, fixed split S2
67
Partial siezures at night, marked by -> hemifacial paraesthesias, oropharyngeal manifestations (e.g. strange noises) and hypersalivation is characteristic of?
benign rolandic epilepsy
68
Umbilical hernia management?
Usually self-resolve, but if large or symptomatic perform elective repair at 2-3 years of age. If small and asymptomatic peform elective repair at 4-5 years of age.
69
Causes of microcephaly?
normal variation e.g. small child with small head familial e.g. parents with small head congenital infection perinatal brain injury e.g. hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy fetal alcohol syndrome syndromes: Patau craniosynostosis
70
Patient with suspected transient synovitis eg viral infection before symptoms. But temp is 38. Management ?
Urgent referral due to presence of fever! Must rule out septic arthritis
71
In pediatric BLS, how many rescue breaths given intially? Why?
5 Main cause of arrest in kids is hypoxia.
72
Changes in the peripheries such as oedema or peeling. Bilateral nonpurulent conjunctivitis Polymorphic rash. Cervical lymphadenopathy. Investigation to screen for complications?
Echo
73
What test is contraindicated in meningococcal septicemia?
Lumbar puncture. Sepsis - bp, heart rate etc
74
children with an unexplained enlarged abdominal mass in children - possible Wilm's tumour - arrange paediatric review with 48 hours
75
Hand foot and mouth disease management
Symptomatic treatment only
76
Signs differentiating between early (compensated) shock and late (decompensated) shock*:
early shock - normal bp Tachycardia - tachypnea Pale and mottled Urine output reduced late shock hypotension bradycardiaacidotic (Kussmaul) blue extremities urine output absent
77
in infants with vague signs such as poor feeding, grunting, lethargy What should be considered Risk factors?
Neonatal sepsis- resp distress also most common symptom Premature Birth weight less than 2.5kg GBS Chorioamnionitis
78
AD conditions list them
Achondroplasia
79
Cough and wheeze in <1 year old, in a background of viral illness is most likely? when is this condition severe?
Bronchiolitis O2 if sats less than 92 Stridor not present!! severe if for example signs of reps distress eg grunting!!, marked chest recession
80
What is the number one cause of painless massive GI bleeding requiring a transfusion in children between the ages of 1 and 2 years? Diagnosis?k
Meckels diverticulum Technetium scan
81
14 year old after holiday abroad light brown macules and confluent patches affecting most of his back and chest. management?
Ketoconazole. Patient has pytiriasis versicolor
82
What is the corrected age for developmental milestones in a premature baby?
Normal age to meet developmental milestone + number of weeks born premature. Normal birth is at 40 weeks .
83
A 4-year-old boy was discharged from the hospital six weeks ago after an episode of viral gastroenteritis. He now has 4-5 loose stools each day which has been present for the past four weeks. Cause ?
Lactose intolerance - complication of viral gastroenteritis
84
2 year old a small smooth cyst is identified which is located above the hyoid bone. On ultrasound the lesion appears to be a heterogenous and multiloculated mass. most likely cause?
Dermoid cyst
85
Passage of meconium after x is a red flag
48 hours
86
when should dexamethasone be considered for patients with meningitis?
Over 3 months old!! And any of frankly purulent CSF CSF white blood cell count greater than 1000/microlitre raised CSF white blood cell count with protein concentration greater than 1 g/litre bacteria on Gram stain
87
what is cradle cap (seborrhoeic dermatitis)? management?
yellow scales on the scalp but can also affect the face, ears and neck in newborns baby shampoo and oil
88
when can children with scarlet fever return to school?
24 hours after commencing antibiotics
89
coeliac disease presentation?
failure to thrive diarrhoea abdominal distension/pain older children may present with anaemia
90
in infants, what is the typical distribution of atopic eczema?
Face and trunk.
91
what is the most likely cause of worsening neurological function in a premature infant born at 34 weeks gestation.
IVH. may occur spontaneously
92
gold standard test for vesico-ureteral reflux gold standard test to look for renal scarring = a complication of vesico-ureteral reflux?
Micturating cystourethrogram. This is an imaging test that involves filling the bladder with a contrast material and then taking x-rays while the patient urinates to visualise any reflux Radionuclide scan using dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA).
93
learn immunisation schedule
94
patau syndrome affects chromosome?
13
95
which syndrome in children is associated with supravalvular aortic stenosis?
Williams Syndrome
96
retinal hemorrhage, encephalopathy and what is seen in shaken baby syndrome?
subdural hematoma
97
treatment for pneumonia in children?
Amoxicillin is first-line for all children with pneumonia Macrolides should be used if mycoplasma or chlamydia is suspected
98
one reason for an urgent ct scan after head trauma is at least x episodes of vomiting
when is the menB vaccine given, when is the HPV vaccine given what vaccines are given at 3-4 years?
99
what is Pauciarticular JIA? what is systemic onset JIA?
JIA where 4 or less joints are affected JIA with regular and intermittent fevers
100
primary ovarian failure can be seen in girls with what condition?
Turners Syndrome
101
Cyanotic congenital heart disease presenting within the first days of life is? Cyanotic congenital heart disease presenting at 1-2 months of age is?
TGA TOF
102
hand preference before ___ months is abnormal and could be an indicator of ___
12 months cerebral palsy
103
what is growing pains?
pain in legs of child with no obvious cause Features of growing pains never present at the start of the day after the child has woken no limp no limitation of physical activity systemically well normal physical examination motor milestones normal symptoms are often intermittent and worse after a day of vigorous activity
104
exomphalos vs gastroschisis management?
Exomphalos should have a gradual repair to prevent respiratory complications. Gastroschisis requires urgent correction as no membrane covering
105
Rubella symptoms
Rash: pink maculopapular, initially on face before spreading to whole body, usually fades by the 3-5 day Lymphadenopathy: suboccipital and postauricular
106
At what age would the average child start to play alongside, but not interacting with, other children?
2 years parallel play = 4 years
107
treatment for patients with CF that have an infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa
oral ciprofloxacin
108
whihc rescue medication can be prescribed for recurrent febrile siezures?
(rectal diazepam or buccal midazolam)
109
features of hypernatremic dehydration?
jittery movements increased muscle tone hyperreflexia convulsions drowsiness or coma
110
GORD treatment in infants
1st line = alginate/gaviscon if breastfed, feed thickener if bottle fed unexplained feeding difficulties (for example, refusing feeds, gagging or choking) distressed behaviour faltering growth
111
first line treatment for constipation in kids?
macrogols (e.g. Movicol) is first-line if insuffeicient add a stimulant laxative -> senna
112
unborn child with exomphalos management?
c section at 37 weeks
113
DDH 1st line investigation?
ultrasound is generally used to confirm the diagnosis if clinically suspected however, if the infant is > 4.5 months then x-ray is the first line investigation
114
name a vaccine that is offered to pregnant women
pertussis
115
at what age would the average child acquire a good pincer grip?
12 months
116
perthes can present with short stature and pain specifically on internal rotation, not limited internal rotation seen in SUFE. if x rays are normal when perthes is suspected -> mri hip
117
when is hypospadias surgery performed?
at 12 months old
118
name a genetic syndrome associated with autism
fragile x
119
perthes disease management?
observation
120
compression ventilation ratio in newborns?
3 to 1
121
Kawasaki management?
high dose aspirin and a single dose of IVIG
122
when would a bone marrow biopsy be indicated for ITP
if atypical findings present eg splenomegaly, bone pain, and diffuse lymphadenopathy. high wcc, which may suggest an underlying myeloproliferative malignancy.
123
why should you avoid NSAIDs in chickenpox?
increased risk of necrotising fascitis
124
what maternal drug increases risk of orofacial clefts?
antiepileptics
125
necrotising enterocolitis pathogenesis? symptoms? managment? complications
invasion of gas producing bacteria in gut wall of premature or VLBW infants -> necrosis feeding intolerance (bilious emesis), tender distended abdomen, GI bleeding (hematemesis, hematochezia), pneumatosis intestinalis (air in bowel wall) bowel rest - discontinuation of feeds - gastric decompression, parenteral nutrition - blood cultures and antibiotics!!! septic shock bowel perforation -> free intraperitoneal air -> laparotomy required!!
126
describe some signs and complications of Downs syndrome
respiratory and ear infections -> hearing loss risk and hearing tests required OSA, epilepsy expressive language delay hirschprungs, duodenal atresia typical face/body signs
127
what are the components of the capacity act?

Y5 Specialties Incorrects (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions