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Pediatrics Flashcards

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1
Q

Eisenmenger syndrome

A

left to right shunts lead to pulmonary HTN and and shunt reversal

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2
Q

PDA is associated with

A

congenital rubella

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3
Q

Ebstein abnormality is associated with

A

maternal lithium use

*** ebstein abnormality is apical displacement of the tricupsid valve

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4
Q

MC cyanotic heart defect in children

A

Tetralogy of fallot

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5
Q

Tetralogy of fallot components

A
  1. )pulmonary stenosis
  2. )overriding aorta
  3. )VSD
  4. ) right ventricular hypertrophy (becauce increased pressure to push into the left ventricle and the pulmonary stenosis)
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6
Q

3 holosystolic murmurs

A

mitral regurgitation
tricuspid regurgitation
ventricular septal defect

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7
Q

MC cyanotic heart defect in neonates

A

transposition of the great vessels

risk factors: diabetic mothers and DiGeorge syndrome

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8
Q

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome Sxs

A

Sxs: absent pulses, right ventricular heave (from Right ventricular hypertrophy), cyanosis
***dependent on PDA

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9
Q

Truncus arteriosus

A

major problem: pulmonary HTN

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10
Q

PDA dependent cyanotic heart defects

A

transposition of the great vessels and hypoplastic left heart syndrome
***must get prostaglandin E1

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11
Q

MC heart defect in children

A

VSD

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12
Q

VSD presentation

A
  • dyspnea with distress (because the pulmonary arteries are already maximally dialted)
  • loud pulmonic S2 (because the increased pressure in the pulmonary artery slams the pulmonary valve shut)
  • High-pitched holosystolic murmur
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13
Q

VSD and ASD best initial test and best diagnostic test

A

best initial: echo

most diagnostic: cardiac catheterization.

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14
Q 
2 month developmental milestones:
gross motor:
Fine motor:
language:
social/cognitive:
A

gross motor: lifts head/ chest when prone
Fine motor: tracks past midline
language: alerts to sound and coos
social/cognitive: recongized parent; exhibits social smile

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15
Q 
4 month developmental milestones:
gross motor:
Fine motor:
language:
social/cognitive:
A

gross motor: roll
Fine motor:grasps rattle
language:laugh and squeals
social/cognitive: enjoys looking around, laughs

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16
Q 
6 month developmental milestones:
gross motor:
Fine motor:
language:
social/cognitive:
A

gross motor: sits unassisted
Fine motor: transfers objects, raking grasp
language: babbles
social/cognitive:STRANGER ANXIETY

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17
Q 
9 month developmental milestones:
gross motor:
Fine motor:
language:
social/cognitive:
A

gross motor: crawls, pulls to stand
Fine motor: Uses 3-finger pincer grasp
language: mama/dada
social/cognitive:waves bye bye; plays pat-a-cake

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18
Q 
1 year developmental milestones:
gross motor:
Fine motor:
language:
social/cognitive:
A

gross motor: walks alone, throws objects
Fine motor:uses 2-finger grasp
language: uses 1-3 words
SEPARATION ANXIETY, follows one step commands

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19
Q 
2 year developmental milestones:
gross motor:
Fine motor:
language:
social/cognitive:
A

gross motor: walks up and down steps; jumps
Fine motor: builds a tower of 6 cubes
language: uses 2 word phrases
social/cognitive: follows 2 step commands; removes clothes

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20
Q 
3 year developmental milestones:
gross motor:
Fine motor:
language:
social/cognitive:
Study These Flashcards
A

gross motor:rides tricycle
Fine motor: copies a circle; uses utensils
language: uses 3 word sentences
social/cognitive: brushes teeth with help; washes/dries hands

21
Q

Kallmann syndrome

22
Q

Causes of pathologic puberty delay

Study These Flashcards
A

malnutrition, klinefelter syndrome, turner syndrome, hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, Kallmann syndrome, androgen insensitivity syndrome, prader-willi syndrome.

23
Q

Fabry disease
mechanism:
Sxs:

Study These Flashcards
A

mechanism: deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A
Sxs: Neuropathic limb pain
angiokeratomas and telangiectasias
renal failure and increased risk of thromboembolic events
***X linked recessive

24
Q

Krabbe disease
mechanism:
Sxs:

Study These Flashcards
A

mechanism: absence of galactosylceramide
Sxs: progressive CNS degeneration, optic atropy, spasticity and death within first 3 years of life

25
Gaucher disease mechanism: Sxs:
mechanism: deficiency of glucocerebrosidease Sxs: anemia and thrombocytopenia
26
Niemann-Pick disease mechanism: Sxs:
mechanism: deficiency of sphingomyelinase Sxs: cherry-red spot and hepatosplenomegaly
27
Tay-Sachs disease mechanism: Sxs:
mechanism: absence of hexoaminidase Sxs: Normal until 3 to 6 months, weakness and begins and development slows and regressess cherry-red spot, no hepatosplenomegaly
28
Metachromatic leukodystrophy mechanism: Sxs:
mechanism: deficiency of arylsulfatase A Sxs: Demyelination leads to progressive ataxia and dementia
29
Hurler syndrome mechanism: Sxs:
mechanism:deficiency of alpha-l-iduronidase Sxs: corneal cloudy, intelectual disabilities, and gargoylism
30
Hunter syndrome mechanism: Sxs:
mechanism: deficiency of iduronate sulfatase Sxs: milder form of hurler syndrome that doesn't have corneal cloudy and has only mild intellectual disabilities. *** X-linked recessive (unlike hurler which is autosomal recessive)
31
MC cause of pulmonary infections in CF
pseudomonas and staph aureus
32
``` pyloric stenosis correlations: timeline: Dx: TX: ```
correlations: first born infant boys, associated with tracheoesophagral fistula, formula feeding and maternal erythromycin use timeline: 3 to 12 weeks old Dx: Abdominal ultrasound is method of choice TX: make NPO, establish IV access, correct dehydration, hypochloremia, and hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis. surgical correction
33
Hirschsprung disease | Dx:
Dx: Barium enema, with rectal biopsy for confirmation
34
malrotation with volvulus | Sxs:
presents in first month of life with bilious emesis, abdominal pain, distention, and passage of blood or mucus in the stool.
35
pneumatosis intestinalis
intramural airbubble representing gas produced by bacteria within the bowel wall -pathognomonic for necrotizing enterocolitis
36
kowasaki diagnosis
``` Symptoms: 5 days of fever + 4/5 1.) conjunctivitis 2.) strawberry tongue 3.) truncal polymorphous erythmatous rash 4.) desquamating rash on hands and feet 5.) cervical lymphadenopathy *** children with scarlet fever have norma lips and no conjunctivitis ``` Labs: Acute phase: normochromic anemia, leukocytosis with a left shift, high ESR and CRP Subacute phase: thrombocytosis. ESR and CRP gradually decrease
37
Still disease
recurrent fever >102.2, hepatosplenomegaly, and salmon colored macular rash joint inflammation may not occur for months to years later
38
Chediak higashi
defect in neutrophil chemotaxis Sxs: partial albinism, peripheral neuropathy, and neutropenia increased incidence of overwhelming pyogenic infections with stroptococcus pyogenes, s aureus, and pseudomonas species
39
croup age: pathogen: Tx:
age: 3 months to 3 years pathogen: parainfluenza virus Tx: racemic epineprine
40
epiglottitis age: pathogen: Tx:
age: 3 to 7 years pathogens: H influenzae, S pneumoniae Sxs: drooling and tripod positioning Tx: SECURE AIRWAY, then give antibiotics
41
menengitis TX for neonates vs children
neonates: ampicillin and cefotaxime or gentamicin children: ceftriaxone and vancomycin * **both: acyclovir
42
chlamydial conjunctivits Tx
Topical AND oral erythromycin
43
gonococcal conjunctivitis Tx
IV/IM third generation cephalosporin ( corneal ulceration and scaring can occur in 24 to 48 hours if left untreated)
44
pertussis tx and close contact prophylaxis
Tx: 10 days of azithromycin prophylaxis: 2 days of azithromycin
45
Increased bilirubin production in newborns, causes
``` ABO or Rh incompatability G6PD deficiency sickle cell anemia, hereditary spherocytosis thalassemias sepsis with DIC ```
46
increased conjugated bilirubin in newborns causes
Dubin-johnson syndrome | rotor syndrome
47
MC childhood maignancy
ALL general malaise, thenbone pain with limp, fever (from neutropenia), anemia, ecchymoses, petechiae, and / or hepatosplenomegaly
48
Ewing sarcoma vs ostesarcoma
ewing sarcoma: systmeic symptoms (fever, anorexia fatgiue) midshaft of long bones, "onion skin" osteosarcoma: systemic symptoms are rare, metaphyses of long bones, increased alkaline phosphatase (from osteoblast origin), "sunburst" lytic bone lesions

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