Pediatrition

Question 1

What is a neonate?

Answer 1

Birth - 30 days

Question 2

What is an infant?

Answer 2

30 days - 1 year

Question 3

What is a toddler?

Answer 3

1 year - 3 years

Question 4

What is a child?

Answer 4

3 years - 12 years

Question 5

What is an adolescent?

Answer 5

12 years - ?

Question 6

What is a growth rate?

Answer 6

Weight per time (g/d or g/wk)

Question 7

How does growth rate change as we age?

Answer 7

Slows down

Question 8

What is the typical growth rate for a neonate?

Answer 8

20-30 g/day

Question 9

How does fat percentage change based on age?

Answer 9

Fluctuates over time

Question 10

How does protein percentage change based on age?

Answer 10

Increases over time

Question 11

How does water percentage change based on time?

Answer 11

Decreases over time

Question 12

How does fat percentage change for the composition of new growth based on age?

Answer 12

Decreases over time.

Important for neonatal and early infant period.

Question 13

How does protein percentage change for the composition of new growth based on age?

Answer 13

Increases over time.

Important for toddlers.

Question 14

How does water percentage for the composition of new growth based on age?

Answer 14

Typically increases over time

Question 15

What is the organ that requires the most energy expenditure in a neonate?

Answer 15

The brain

Question 16

What organ requires the most amount of fat in neonates?

Answer 16

The brain

Question 17

What is basal metabolism?

Answer 17

Baseline energy used to sustain life

Question 18

What is “energy use efficiency?”

Answer 18

How completely energy is used

Question 19

How does growth affect energy expenditure?

Answer 19

Energy is needed to develop and grow

Question 20

What is the metabolic response?

Answer 20

Energy needed to process intake

Question 21

How is physical activity involved in energy expenditure factors?

Answer 21

Energy used for motion

Question 22

What is thermoregulation?

Answer 22

Energy used to maintain temperature

Question 23

How does hypothermia affect energy expenditure?

Answer 23

Normally caloric requirements are not changed b/c of slower processes and trying to maintain normal temperature; less energy is required.

Question 24

How does hyperthermia affect energy expenditure?

Answer 24

More energy required; all processes pick up (HR, RR, metabolism)

Question 25

How is energy expenditure changed in premature neonates?

Answer 25

Need more energy for stress and catch-up growth

Question 26

How is energy expenditure changed in infants and children?

Answer 26

Quick estimation of energy requirements. | 1000 kcal/d plus 100kcal for each year over 1 year of age

Question 27

How is energy expenditure changed in adolescents?

Answer 27

Estimated 40 kcal/kg/d

Question 28

What is the Energy expenditure equation for birth to 2 years?

Answer 28

EER = (89W - 100 + GF)

Question 29

What is the energy expenditure equation for Boys aged 3-18 years?

Answer 29

EER = 88.5 - (61.9A) + PA(26.7W + 903H) + GF

Question 30

What is the energy expenditure equation for girls aged 3-18 years?

Answer 30

EER = 135.3 - (30.8A) + PA(10W + 934H) + GF

Question 31

As we get older, what happens to GF?

Answer 31

gets smaller as we get older

Question 32

What happens to the PA as you become more active?

Answer 32

The more active you are, the higher the PA factor

Question 33

What does GF stand for?

Answer 33

Growth factor

Question 34

What does PA stand for?

Answer 34

Physical activity factor

Question 35

How should energy expenditure relate to energy intake?

Answer 35

Energy expenditure should approximate energy intake in most scenarios

Question 36

To use the stress factor, what value must the PA factor be?

Answer 36

1

Question 37

How does the stress factor change as the patient becomes more stressed?

Answer 37

Increases

Question 38

What measurements are required first to use a stress factor?

Answer 38

Multiple baseline energy requirement.

Question 39

What are simple sugars?

Answer 39

Sucrose and Fructose

Question 40

What are some concerns about sucrose?

Answer 40

Predisposition to obesity. Predisposition to insulin resistance. Risk factor for dental caries.

Question 41

What are some concerns about fructose?

Answer 41

Slower brush border diffusion than glucose. No stimulation of insulin secretion. No enhancement or leptin production. Easy conversion to hepatic triglycerides.

Question 42

What are the effects of insoluble fibers?

Answer 42

Decreases gut transit time. Increases stool bulk. Increases stool water content.

Question 43

What are examples of insoluble fibers?

Answer 43

Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin

Question 44

What are examples of soluble fibers?

Answer 44

Pectins Mucilages Oat bran

Question 45

What are the effects of soluble fibers?

Answer 45

``` Bind bile acids. Reduces lipid absorption. Reduces cholesterol absorption. Glows gastric emptying Slows rate of nutrient absorption. ```

Question 46

What are the recommendations for dietary reference intake?

Answer 46

14 grams per 1000 kcal consumed

Question 47

What percent of protein in neonates is used for growth?

Answer 47

80% of requirement. | Requirement is less, but of the protein they do require, they use more of it for growth.

Question 48

What percent of protein in 1 year olds is used for growth?

Answer 48

20% of requirement. | Give more protein, but less for growth