Pedosphere

Question 1

outermost layer of the Earth’s surface that comprises soil and interacts w/ the other Earth’s systems

Answer 1

pedosphere

Question 2

where soil forms, functions, and supports life by serving as a medium for plant growth and a habitat for organisms

Answer 2

pedosphere

Question 3

an interaction with earth’s systems where exchange of gases happens

Answer 3

atmosphere

Question 4

examples of exchange of gases

Answer 4

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

Question 5

an interaction with earth’s systems where it provides parent material for soil formation

Answer 5

lithosphere

Question 6

examples of parent material

Answer 6

rocks and minerals

Question 7

an interaction with earth’s systems where soil stores and filter water influencing its movement and availability

Answer 7

hydrosphere

Question 8

an interaction with earth’s systems where it supports plant, animals, and microorganisms essential for ecosystems

Answer 8

biosphere

Question 9

the 4 importances of soil

Answer 9

1. Plant Growth
2. Water Filtration
3. Habitat
4. Carbon Storage

Question 10

an importance of soil wherein it supplies nutrients and a medium for roots

Answer 10

Plant Growth

Question 11

an importance of soil wherein it helps clean water or it percolates through layers

Answer 11

Water Filtration

Question 12

an importance of soil wherein it supports diverse ecosystems of microorganisms and animals

Answer 12

Habitat

Question 13

an importance of soil wherein it plays a role in mitigating climate change by storing carbon in organic matter

Answer 13

Carbon Storage

Question 14

the 4 components of soil

Answer 14

1. Minerals (45%)
2. Organic Matter (5%)
3. Water (25%)
4. Living organisms

Question 15

a component of soil derived from the weathering of rocks, and provide essential nutrients to plants

Answer 15

Minerals (45%)

Question 16

a component of soil where decomposed remains of plants and animals enrich soil fertility

Answer 16

Organic Matter (5%)

Question 17

a component of soil retained in the pores of the soil, it is vital for plant absorption and microbial activity

Answer 17

Water (25%)

Question 18

a component of soil such as bacteria, fungi, worms, and insects that help decompose organic matter and enhance soil structure

Answer 18

Living organisms

Question 19

a process where soil forms

Answer 19

pedogenesis

Question 20

the 3 involvements in pedogenesis

Answer 20

• weathering of rocks into smaller particles
• incorporation of organic material
• influence of factors like climate

Question 21

the 5 factors affecting soil formation

Answer 21

1. Parent Material
2. Climate
3. Topography
4. Biological Factors
5. Time

Question 22

a factor affecting soil formation wherein original rock or sediment from which the soil forms influences its mineral composition and texture

Answer 22

Parent Material

Question 23

2 types of parent material

Answer 23

a. Residual
b. Transported

Question 24

a type of parent material wherein soil formed in place from the weathering of bed rocks

Answer 24

Residual

Question 25

a type of parent material wherein soil formed from materials carried and deposited by wind, water, glaciers, or gravity

Answer 25

Transported

Question 26

3 factors of climate

Answer 26

1. temperature 2. precipitation 3. weathering

Question 27

a factor of climate wherein it influences the rate of weathering of rocks and organic matter decomposition

Answer 27

temperature

Question 28

a factor of climate wherein it mentions that warmer climates _____________________ while cold dictates _________________

Answer 28

- accelerate chemical weathering and decomposition - slow them down

Question 29

a factor of climate that affects soil moisture and leaching

Answer 29

precipitation

Question 30

a factor of climate that states that high rainfall can ______________________, while low rainfall results in _____________

Answer 30

- lead to the washing away of nutrients (leach) - drier soils

Question 31

a factor of climate that states that in hot and wet climates .....

Answer 31

weathering

Question 32

a factor of climate that states that in hot and wet climates, _________________ dominates. while in colder climates, ______________ is more common

Answer 32

- chemical weathering - physical weathering

Question 33

example of physical weathering

Answer 33

freeze-thaw cycles

Question 34

3 factors of topography

Answer 34

slope, aspect, and elevation

Question 35

a factor of topography wherein steep slope have thinner soils due to erosion, while flat areas accumulate thicker soils due to sediment deposition

Answer 35

slope

Question 36

a factor of topography wherein steep slope have thinner soils due to __________, while flat areas accumulate thicker soils due to ______________________

Answer 36

- erosion - sediment deposition

Question 37

a factor of topography wherein slopes facing the sun are warmer and may have diff. vegetations and moisture levels compared to shaded slopes

Answer 37

aspect

Question 38

a factor of topography wherein higher altitudes may experience slower soil formation due to cooler temperature and less biological

Answer 38

elevation

Question 39

a factor of topography wherein ____________________ experience slower soil formation due to cooler temperature and less biological

Answer 39

higher altitudes

Question 40

the 4 biological factors

Answer 40

plants, animals, microorganisms, humans

Question 41

a biological factor wherein they contribute organic material through leaf litter and roots.

Answer 41

plants

Question 42

a biological factor wherein they also influence soil structure by stabilizing it with roots

Answer 42

plants

Question 43

a biological factor wherein burrowing them, like earthworms and insects, aerate the soil and mix organic and inorganic components

Answer 43

animals

Question 44

a biological factor wherein fungi and bacteria decompose organic matter, contributing to ... formation and nutrient cycling

Answer 44

microorganisms

Question 45

a biological factor wherein farming, deforestation, and construction can significantly alter soil properties and accelerate

Answer 45

humans

Question 46

a factor affecting soil formation wherein soil formation is a slow process that can take hundreds to thousands of years

Answer 46

time

Question 47

over time, soil develop distinct later called _____________

Answer 47

horizons

Question 48

over time, soil develop distinct later called horizons through processes like: ___________, ____________, and ______________-

Answer 48

leaching, weathering, and organic matter accumulation

Question 49

____________ are less developed, while _____________ often have well-defined horizons and may show signs of ________________

Answer 49

- younger soils - older soils - nutrient depletion

Question 50

the rate is faster in ____________________ and much longer in ______________________

Answer 50

- tropical climates - dry and cooled regions