Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Step 2-General > Peds > Flashcards

Peds Flashcards

1
Q

Breastfeeding benefits for mom

A
  • rapid uterine involution and decreased postpartum bleeding
  • improved child spacing (gotta get to 2 years!)
  • reduce risk of BREAST CANCER and OVARIAN CANCER…. not endometrial cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Breastfeeding benefits for baby

A
  • better immunity (so dec infections of ALL KIND!) otitis media, respiratory illnesses, gastroenteritis, UTIs
  • better GI function
  • dec risk of childhood cancer, type 1 DM and nec
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Breastfeeding C/I for mom

A
  • active TB (can breastfeed after 2 weeks of tx)
  • Maternal HIV in developed countries
  • herpies on breast
  • Varicella infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Breastfeeding c/i for baby

A

Galactosemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Homocystinurea

A

-Cystathion-B-Synthase def “Homos on CBS”
AR, MRetard, thrombosis (so stroke!!), megaloblastic anemia, fair complexion, DOWNWAR dislocation of the lens (Marfan’s is up!)
Kinda like Marfan b/c: same stature, precuts deformity, Joint hyper extensibility, skin hyper elasticity, scoliosis
tx: B6, B12, folate, anticoagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

TOF

A
  • Tet spells
  • Ejection murmur at ULSB, single S2
  • do surgery before age 6 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cystic fibrosis dx

A

sweat testing by quantitative pilocarpine iontophoresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mono

A

tonsillar exudates, fever, DIFFUSE (or posterior) cervical lymphadenopathy, maybe hepatosplenomegaly
-rash after administration of ampicillin or amoxicillin… weird

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Group A Strep pharyngitis

A

tonsillar exudates, fever, ANTERIOR cervical lymphadenopathy.
-“group A for Anterior”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Edward’s syn

A
  • VSD
  • Rocker-bottom feet
  • small jaw
  • small head
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cystic fibrosis pneumonia tx

A
  • less than 20? then it’s probably Staph aureus. Give IV vancomycin
  • older then 20? probably Pseudomonas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

commonest brain tumor in kids

A

Benign Astrocytoma. For both suprotentorial and infratentorial.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prader-Willi

A
  • Deletion of Paternal 15q11-q13
  • hyotonia (always!!), weak sucking in infancy, narrow forehead, almond-shaped eyes, downturned mouth
  • sleep apnea, DM2, death by choking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

AngelMan

A
  • del of Maternal 15q11-q13

- flapping hands, ataxia, seizures, smiles/laughs a lot, MR,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

A
  • precocious puberty from 21-OHase def
  • low LH even with stimulation
  • just comes on way later (like age 7) and you DON’T get salt wasting
  • also look for cystic acne that resists tx
  • always check bone age first in kid w/ precocious puberty and then get LH levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gonadotropin-dependent (central) precocious puberty

  • labs?
  • what to order?
A
  • this one has HIGH LH
  • do brain MRI w/contrast
  • always check bone age first for all precocious puberty and then check LH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fluids to resuscitate?

A
  • NS ALWAYS!!

- never use anything else even if sodium is way high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Neonatal polycythemia

A

hematocrit >65%

cause: make more RBCs b/c intrauterine hypoxia (maternal DM, maternal HTN, smoking, IUGR) or delayed cord clamping or twin-twin transfusion
- Present w/ respiratory distress, cyanosis, apnea, irritability
- partial exchange transfusion (remove some blood and replace with NS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Breastfeeding failure jaundice

A
  • first week of life
  • less feeding so less pooping so decreased bili elimination and increased enterohepatic circulation
  • look for signs of dehydration like red crystals in diaper
  • Tx: more frequent and longer breast feeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Breastmilk Jaundice

A
  • starts at day 3-5 and peaks at 2 wks
  • from high levels of B-glucuronidase in breast milk.
  • kid is breast feeding well and has a normal exam
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Apt test

A

Determines fetal blood from maternal blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bruton’s Agammaglobulinemia

  • Labs?
  • when do you get this?
  • tx?
A
  • deficiency of ALL Ig subclasses!!
  • X-linked
  • Male who has recurrent pyogenic infections (otitis media, pneumococcal pneumonia)
  • presents at 6 months when mom’s Igs wear off
  • ABSENCE of circulating B cells
  • TX: IVIG!!!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Common Variable Immunodeficiency

A

-presents like Bruton’s (b/c low levels of ALL Igs!) but there are circulating B cells and it presents WAY LATER (like 15-35yo)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Club foot (tables equinovarus)

A

-Do stretching, manipulation followed by serial casting. START IMMEDIATELY!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hep B is a risk factor for what renal syndrome?

A

Membranous nephropathy. Especially in adolescents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Malrotation w/ midgut volvulus

A

-presents w/ bilious vomiting at less than 1 month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

McCune-Albright syn

A
  • Precocious puberty, Pigmentation (Cafe au lait spots), and multiple bone defects (Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia).
  • Three P’s^
  • “McCune AlPright”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Serum sickness-like reaction

A
  • Happens about 1-2 wks after administration of a B-lactam or TMP-SMX.
  • Kid has FEVER, URTICARIA, and JOINT PAINS (sounds a lot like ARF!!) You just have the margin in the red rash in ARF (erythema marginatum)
  • other sx include headache, edema, lymphadenopathy
  • TX: remove the offending agent, glucocorticoids in really bad cases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Viral myocarditis

A

-Coxsackie B, Adenovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Child abuse burning. What pattern?

A

Sparing of the flexor surfaces and unburned spots on the butt (b/c the cheeks sit on the bottom of the container//tub and don’t get burned)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Milk or soy-induced proctocolitis

A
  • Presents in infants 2-8 wks old
  • kid will have some combination of really bad reflux, eczema and PAINLESS BLOODY STOOLS. Not much else (again, no pain anywhere)
  • TX: if breast fed then eliminate soy and mild products. If formula fed then switch to HYDROLYZED FORMULA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Spondylolysthesis

A
  • It’s a developmental disorder where there is forward slip of the vertebrae
  • Presents as back pain and progressive neurologic signs (decreased perianal sensation). PE will show step-offs in lumbar region
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Edward’s syndrome cardiac defect

A

VSD “V kinda looks like scissors… haha the two V’s scisored”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Osgood-Schlatter is caused by what mechanism?

A

Traction apophysitis. Basically as you grow your quads put traction on the apophysis of the tipple tubercle

35
Q

2 Commonest causes of VIRAL meningitis

A

Echovirus, coxsackievirus (these are both non-polio ENTEROVIRUSES)

36
Q

Adolescent teenaged boy w/ epistaxis and a mass in nose

A

Juvenile Angiofibroma. It can even erode local structures

37
Q

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

  • Defect in what?
  • What bugs?
  • DX?
A

-Defect in NADPH oxidase leading to lots of infections w/ Catalase Positive organisms (S. aureus, Serratia, Burkholderia, Klebsiella and Aspergillus)
-DX: nitroblue tetrazolium test, flo cytometry or cytochrome C reduction
TX: daily Bactrim, gamma-interferon 3x/week

38
Q

Intussusception. Risk factors based on age?

A
  • Risk factors: Meckel’s, viral illness (hypertrophied Pyer’s patches), Celiac dz, HSP, intestinal tumor, polyps, inspissated stools (if the kid has CF)
  • If the kid is less than 2yo then it is probably just from Pyer’s patches from recent viral illness.
  • If kid is older (7yo) and especially if intussusception is recurrent then you need to look for a Meckel’s cause that’s the most likely cause.
  • look for baby btw 2 and 10 months old w/ sudden-onset colicky abdominal pain and bloody stools. Kid may draw knees up to chest b/c of pain. Fine between pain episodes.
39
Q

Aromatase deficiency

A

1) in utero: girl will have more androgens which will lead to ambiguous genetalia. MOM will have virilization from more androgens from placenta
2) then girl will have late puberty, undetectable levels of estrogens (leads to osteoporosis), clitoromegaly, ovarian cysts, high FSH/LH (b/c no estrogen)

40
Q

Kallman’s syndrome

A
  • hypogonadotropic hypogonadism w/ anosmia

- delayed puberty w/ low FSH/LH

41
Q

Niemann-Pick dz vs Tay-Sachs

A

-Sphingomyelinase def “pick your nose w/ your Sphinger”
-B-hexosaminifdase A def “Hex on the Jews”
-AR and onset age is 2-6 months (same)
-Cherry-red macula, loss of motor milestones, feeding difficulties, Hypotonia (same)
NP: Hepatosplenomegaly, areflexia
TS: Hyperreflexia “reflexes kick you in the Sack!”

42
Q

Krabbe Dz

A

-Galactocerebrosidase def
-AR lysosomal storage disorder.
-Presents early in infancy as developmental regression, hypotonia and
“Mr Krabbs needs a Gal”

43
Q

Goucher Dz

A

-Glucocerebrosidase def
-Anemia, thrombocytopenia, and hepatosplenomegaly
“Kara Goucher is anemic and has a big liver b/c stores a lot of glucose”

44
Q

Hurler Syn

A
  • def in lysosomal hydrolase (so lysosomal storage disease)

- presents w/ course facial features, inguinal/umbilical hernia, corneal clouding and hepatosplenomegaly

45
Q

Transient tachypnea of the newborn

A
  • after NORMAL vaginal or especially C-section delivery.
  • grunting, retractions and sometimes cyanosis
  • b/c retained lung fluid
  • prominent pulm vascular markings on CXR
46
Q

Congenital syphilis

A

-usually presents in the first few weeks w/ a maculopapular PEELING rash on the face and PALMS AND SOLES (like most other sex rashes). Will find the bug on skin scrapings. Also hepatosplenomegaly is common and jaundice. And saddle nose and Hutchinson teeth (peg- or barrel-shaped)

47
Q

Polydactyly

A
  • Not a concern at all if there are no other findings.

- 10x more common in blacks

48
Q

Congenital Rubella

A
  • affects all organ systems. red or purple macular (hemorrhagic) rash “blueberry muffin baby,” cataracts, myocarditis, microphthalmia. Structural heart defects like PDA, septal stuff, pull artery stenosis.
  • Labs: hemolytic anemia, high LFTs, low platelets
49
Q

Congenital Toxoplasmosis triad

A

-hydrocephalus, chorioretinitis and “calcifications in the corteX=toXo”

50
Q

Congenital CMV

A

-most develop sensorineural hearing loss, IUGR, hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, patchy, purport, chorioretinitis, “periVentricular cancifications=CMV”

51
Q

Primary pulmonary hypoplasia (Potter’s sequence)

A

“the potter has no hands” Norma Jean!
-widely spaced eyes, weird facial features, broad nose and receding chin (smashed in), and limb abnormalities. Oligohydramnios.

52
Q

Waardenburg syn

A
  • Weird internal med doc
  • medial hyperplasia of the eyebrows, partial albinism (mainly expressed as white forelock and/or heterchromic eyes), and deafness in 20%
53
Q

Ebstein’s anomaly

A
  • tricuspid valve is displaced down into the RV.
  • Presents with S3 AND S4, murmur of tricuspid regard, and mid diastolic murmur at LLSB.
  • Findings: right atrial hypertrophy and atrialization of the RV
54
Q

Juvenile RA

A

-A few different types but one presents as spiking fevers and other systemic signs, chest pain (over sternum), and spindle-shaped swelling in fingers

55
Q

Transposition of the great vessels

A
  • Consider if early cyanosis.

- Look for “egg on a string” on x-ray (hidden pulm artery), RV hypertrophy and right axis deviation

56
Q

Thrombocytopenia-absent Radius syndrome (TAR)

A
  • kids often dye from low platelets and they also have weird looking thumbs.
  • Associated w/ Tof and Asd “Thrombocytopenic-Absent radius, Tof and Asd”
57
Q

Noonan Syndrome

A

“male Turner syndrome” but actually occurs in both sexes

  • webbed neck, shield-like chest, pulmonary stenosis, cryptorchidism, short stature, ptosis, malformed and low-set ears.
  • MR is seen in 1/4
  • Associated w/ advanced PATERNAL age.
58
Q

Neonatal lupus heart condition?

A

congenital heart block

59
Q

Lung empyema

  • look on CXR?
  • 3 commonest bugs?
  • Tx?
A

looks like a total white out on one side
Staph arueus, Strep pneumo and Strep pyogenes
tx=Vancomycon

60
Q

Tricuspid valve atresia

A
  • valve is basically stenosed, leading to a hypo plastic RV and less pulmonary vascular markings b/c less blood. Problem when born b/c blood now needs to go through the mitral valve haha
  • DX=LVH on EKG (kinda like Epstein’s anomaly!) and absent R waves (so not a whole lot of wave action going upwards)
61
Q

Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

A

-IgA-mediated leukocytoclastic vasculitis
-Purpura (usually lower extremity but not always), arthritis, ABDOMINAL PAIN, intussusception, renal disease similar to IgA nephropathy (so mesangial deposition of IgA)
tx=supportive and NSAIDS. Glucocorticoids if really bad

62
Q

Serum sickness-like reaction

A
  • occurs 1-2 weeks after B-lactam

- fever, urticaria, joint pain

63
Q

Eosinophilic Esophagitis

-TX?

A

-probably some type of allergy
-kid presents w/ dysphagia for a long time and biopsy shows lots of eosinophils.
TX=corticosteroids

64
Q

Diamond-Blackfan Anemia

  • triad?
  • tx?
A

Kid w/ megaloblastic anemia, low ritics and congenital anomalies
-Unlike B12, there is no hyper segmentation of neutrophils
-TX=corticosteroids
“Diamonds are PURE=PURE red cell aplasia”

65
Q

What is associated w/ breath-holding spells?

A

Iron def anemia. Check a CBC and ferritin

66
Q

Acquired aplastic anemia

A

Drue to injury to bone marrow from something like radiation, drugs (chemo, antibiotics like chloramphenicol), insecticides, toxins (benzene) or infection
-DX=bone marrow biopsy is essential. Shows fatty infiltrate w/ decrease in ALL cell lines

67
Q

CSF: high protein, low glucose and lots of lymphocytes

A

Tuberculous meningitis

68
Q

Rubella

-Rash length?

A
  • German Measles

- Maculopapular rash lasts for 3 days

69
Q

Rubeola

-Rash length?

A
  • Measles

- Maculopapular rash lasts for 6 days

70
Q

Fragile X

A
  • CGG repeats that cause a mutation in the FMR1 gene
  • large head, long face, prominent forehead and chin, protruding ears, joint laxity, big balls. Also ADHD and Autism are associated
71
Q

Commonest cause of congenital hypothyroidism worldwide

A
  • thyroid dysgenesis

- jaundice, poor feeding, decreased activity and hoarse cry

72
Q

Glucose-6-phosphatase def (Von Gierkes’ dz)

A
  • Type 1 glycogen storage dz
  • G6Phosphatase is in the intestinal mucosa, liver and kidneys
  • presents at age 3-4 months w/ hypOglyemia, lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia and hyperlipidemia. spleen is NORMAL. Maybe seizures from low glucose
  • kid has fat cheeks (doll-like face), thin extremities, short stature and protuberant abdomen (hepatomegaly and big kidneys)
73
Q

Acid Maltase def (Pompes’ disease)

A
  • Type 2 glycogen storage dz
  • present in first few weeks of life as a floppy baby w/ heart failure, hepatomegaly, feeding difficulties and macroglossia
74
Q

Def in glycogen debranching enzyme activity

A
  • Type 3 glycogen storage dz
  • same stuff as type 1 (G6Posphatase def): hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia and growth retardation.
  • Different stuff (mostly labs): elevated liver transaminases and fasting ketosis. They also have splenomegaly and NORMAL kidneys
75
Q

Deficiency in branching enzyme activity

A
  • type 4 glycogen storage disease (amylopectinosis)

- presents in first 18 months of life w/ hepatosplenomegaly and failure to thrive. Also liver cirrhosis

76
Q

Pertussis dx and tx

A

Dx: if you suspect pertussis then do PCR or culture
Tx: Macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin)

77
Q

CMV Pneumonitis

A
  • suspect in anyone post-bone marrow transplant who has pneumonia and intestinal illness (DI and abdominal pain due to upper/lower GI ulcers)
  • Dx: bronchoalveolar lavage
78
Q

Friedrick’s ataxia

A

AR on chromosome 9. GAA repeats “Friedrick says GAA!!”

  • pts are wheelchair-bound by 25 and die by 35.
  • necrosis and degeneration of cardiac muscle fibers leading to myocarditis. T-wave inversion on ECG
79
Q

Fanconi’s anemia

A
  • pts have pancytopenia and congenital anomalies (hyper pigmentation on trunk, neck, intertriginous places and maybe cafe au lait spots, short stature, upper limb abnormalities, hypogonadism, skeletal anomalies, weird eyes stuff, renal malformations)
  • blood counts start to drop btw ages 4-12
  • thrombocytopenia starts off the party, followed by neutropenia and then anemia.
80
Q

Drug-induced interstitial nephritis

A
  • don’t forget that it is INTERSTITIAL!
  • Drugs like penicillin, cephalosporins and sulfonamides
  • fever, rash, arthralgia
  • EOSINOPHILUREA and EOSINOPHIL CASTS!!!
81
Q

What COPD pts get home oxygen??

A

-PaO2 of

82
Q

Osteoid osteoma

A
  • relieved w/ NSAIDs
  • Lytic bone lesion in an adolescent or young adult
  • pain worsens at night and there is NO relation to physical activity
83
Q

Myotonic muscular dystrophy

  • inheritance?
  • sx?
A
  • AD. CTG repeats on chromosome 19
  • onset age 12-30
  • FACIAL WEAKNESS, hand grip myotonia, difficulty swallowing, balding, testicular atrophy, cataracts, arrhythmias
84
Q

Fetal hydantoid syndrome

A

“fetus got hit in the middle of the face and tried to block it but couldn’t b/c small fingers”

  • midfacial hypoplasia, cleft lip/palate, microcephaly, and small fingers
  • phenytoin and carbamazepine

Step 2-General (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions