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Pediatrics > Peds-FINAL > Flashcards

Peds-FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

GFR

A

A measure of the amount of plasma from which a given substance is totally cleared in one minute.

End product of protein metabolism

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2
Q

The most useful clinical estimation of GFR is

A

Creatinine

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3
Q

Cystoscopy

A

Provides a direct visualization of the bladder through a small scope

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4
Q

IVP

A

Intravenous pyelogram

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5
Q

KUB

A

kidney, ureter, bladder x-ray

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6
Q

Symptoms of Urinary tract disorders in NEONATES

A
  • Poor feeding, poor weight gain
  • Rapid RR, resp distress
  • Spontaneous pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum
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7
Q

Symptoms of Urinary tract disorders in INFANTS

A
  • Poor feeding
  • Vomiting
  • FTT
  • Excessive thirst
  • Straining or screaming w/urination
  • Foul-smelling urine
  • Pallor
  • Fever
  • Persistent diaper rash
  • Seizures
  • Dehydration
  • Enlarged Kidneys/bladder
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8
Q

Symptoms of Urinary tract disorder in CHILDREN

A
  • Poor appetite
  • Vomiting
  • Growth failure
  • Excessive thirst
  • Enuresis, incontinence
  • Frequent urination
  • Dysuria
  • Facial swelling
  • Pallor
  • Fatigue
  • Seizures
  • Hematuria
  • Abd/back pain
  • Edema
  • HTN
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9
Q

Enuresis

A

Difficulties with urinary control

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10
Q

RF for Enuresis

A

Underlying urinary tract abnormalities Neurologic alterations small bladder capacity obstructive sleep apnea Constipation (encoporesis) UTI Pinworms DM

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11
Q

Diurnal Enuresis

A
  • occurs during the day & night
  • Urgency, frequency, wetting during the day
  • Tight crossed legs or rush to potty
  • constant urine odor
  • difficulty sitting still
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12
Q

Nocturnal Enuresis

A
  • Occurs at night
  • cannot sense bladder fullness > deep sleeper
  • NOT A CONCERN UNITL AFTER AGE 6
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13
Q

Primary enuresis

A

Child had never had control of bladder

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14
Q

Secondary

A

Child has had control for 6-12 months

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15
Q

Treatment for Enuresis

A 
_	Limit evening fluids
_	Behavioral conditioning (bed alarms)
_	Waking child up to go to bathroom
_	Reward system (charts, big-boy underwear!)
_	Guided imagery
_	Medication: DDAVP, Imipramine
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16
Q

UTI

A

The 2nd leading cause of morbidity in children!!

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17
Q

Bacteriuria

A

presence of bacteria in the urine

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18
Q

Asymptomatic bacteriuria

A

Significant amount of bacteria w/o S/S

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19
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the bladder

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20
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of the urethra

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21
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the upper urinary tract & kidneys

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22
Q

Urosepsis

A

febrile UTI with systemic S/S (blood culture contains urinary pathogens)

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23
Q

UTI RF

A
  • VUR (vesicoureteral reflux)
  • Sexually active
  • Anatomic differences (females have shorter urethra)
  • Obstruction
  • Voiding dysfucntion/urinary stasis (constipation, neurogenic bladder, holding too long)
  • Bubble bath
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24
Q

UTI Prevention

A
  • Wipe front to back
  • Frequent emptying of bladder
  • Increased fluids
  • No tight clothing/diapers, wear cotton underwear
  • No bubble baths
  • Void after sex
  • Cranberry juice
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25
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

obstruction in ureter, especially ureteropelvic junction > dilation of kideny

**ASSOCIATED WITH VUR

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26
Q

Vesicoureteral Reflux

A

Retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters

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27
Q

Primary VUR

A

Congenital anomaly that affects ureterovesical junction

  • Ectopic or orthotopic implantation of the ureter
  • abn tunneling of the intramural ureteral segment
  • defects in configuration of ureteral orfice
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28
Q

Secondary VUR

A

Result of acquired condition such as UTI or dysfunctional voiding

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29
Q

VUR Classification

A

Grade I = reflux into ureter only w/o dilation

Grade V = Gross dilation of ureter, pelvis calyces

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30
Q

Cryptochoridism

A

Undescended or hidden testicles

  • Increased risk for testicular Cx
  • Premature infant have > occurrence
  • Intra-abdominal testis may require surgery
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31
Q

Orchiopexy

A

Testis brought down and sutured into place

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32
Q

Hypospadias

A

Congenital anomaly; meatus below normal placement on glans

-Repair should be done before toilet training so child can urinate standing up

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33
Q

Epispadias

A

Meatus above normal placement

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34
Q

Chordee

A

Downward curvature of penile shaft; may accompany hypospadias

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35
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome

A

Kidney disorder characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema

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36
Q

Primary Nephrotic Syndrome

A

**Most common type in children- a disorder in the glomerulus

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37
Q

Acquired Nephrotic Syndrome

A

Secondary to systemic diseases such as hepatitis, SLE, carcinoma

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38
Q

Polycythemia

A

Excess RBC production

-occurs secondary to hypoxemia

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39
Q

Screening for Iron-deficency anemia

A
  • Once between 6-9mo
  • Early childhood 1-5yrs
  • Late childhood 5-12yrs
  • Adolescence 14-20yrs
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40
Q

Iron Administration

A
  • Give in 3 divided doses BETWEEN meals
  • Give with Vit C rich foods
  • Use straw/dropper to put in back of mouth; brush or wipe off teeth
  • Expect black tarry stools
  • Milk, formula, cereal IMPEDE absorption
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41
Q

Sickle Cell Crisis precipitating factors

A
  • Infection
  • Dehydration
  • Stress
  • Hypoxia
  • Trauma
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42
Q

Most common inherited bleeding disorder

A

Von Willebrand’s disease

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43
Q

VWD

A

Underproduction or dysfunction of VW protein

Carrier protein for clotting factor VIII

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44
Q

ITP

A

Reduction of platelets that occurs after febrile viral illness

Peak age 2-5yrs

Sudden onset of bruising petechiae; most often in mucous membranes, sclerae

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45
Q

Neoplasm

A

any tumor arising from new abnormal growth

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46
Q

invasive spread

A

growth in unrestricted disorderly fashion at site of origin

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47
Q

Metastasis

A

cells grow at sites other than site of primary cancer

48
Q

Cardinal signs of cancer - OVERT

A
  • A mass or swelling
  • Purpura, bruising
  • Pallor weight loss
  • Absence of red reflex
  • Vomiting in early am
  • Recurrent fever
49
Q

Cardinal signs of cancer - COVERT

A
  • Bone pain
  • Headache
  • Persistent lymphadenopathy
  • Change in balance, gait, personality
  • Fatigue, malaise
50
Q

Second leading cause of death in children (after accidents)

A

Cancer

51
Q

Most common form of cancer in children less than 15 years

A

Leukemia

52
Q

This CX known for painless enlargement of lymph nodes

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

53
Q

Manifestations of hodgkins

A
  • Painless enlargment in cervical and supraclavicular region (MOST COMMON)
  • Fever
  • DRENCHING night swear
  • Weight loss
  • Hepatosplenomagaly
54
Q

Most common bone cancer in children

A

Osteogenic Sarcoma

55
Q

Functions of Skin

A

Protection
Impermeability
Heat regulation
Sensation

56
Q

Meds used for anti-itching with eczema

A

Hydroxazine (Atarax)
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Loratadine (claritin)

57
Q

Atopic Dermatitis

A

Eczema

58
Q

Seborrheic Dermatitis

A

Cradle Cap

59
Q

Contact Dermatitis

A

Diaper rash

60
Q

Cellulitis

A

Infection/inflammation of skin, SC tissue and regional lymph nodes

61
Q

Folliculitis

A

Hot tub folliculitis

Infection of hair follicle > can develop tender pus filled nodule

62
Q

Verruca

A

Warts

63
Q

Tinea Capitis

A

Ringworm of the scalp

  • Oral griseofulvin for 6-8wks
  • Topical antifungal agents, selenium shampoos
64
Q

Tinea corporis

A

Ringworm of the body

  • Topical antifungal until 2wks after lesions clear
  • May need systemic tx
65
Q

Tinea cruris

A

“Jock itch”

Ringworm of the groin

66
Q

Tinea pedis

A

“Athletes foot’

67
Q

Candidiasis

A

Beefy red rash with SATELITE lesions
Thrush
Yeast infection

68
Q

Tx for candidiasis

A

Nystatin PO in each cheek
Topical antifungal to diaper area
Diflucan if resistant

69
Q

Pediculosis

A

Lice

70
Q

Scabies

A

Endemic- mite that burrows into skin

Tx: permethrin 5% (Elimite) applied to skin & rinsed off 8-14hrs later, treat ALL members of the family

71
Q

Agent

A

organism (bacteria, virus, parasite)

72
Q

Reservoir

A

Environment in which agent lives and multiplies

73
Q

Host

A

organism from which agent receives nourishment

74
Q

incubation period

A

time form exposure to appearance of symptoms

75
Q

Prodromal period

A

Early symptoms prior to full-blown symptoms

76
Q

Epidemic

A

spread of disease among a population

77
Q

carrier

A

asymptomatic person that harbors agent

78
Q

S/S of Neonatal sepsis

A 
Temp instability
Lethargy
poor feeding
change in muscle tone and reflexes
Resp distress
Tachy or bradycardia decreased perfusion
mottling
GI Symptoms
jaundice
jitteriness or decreased response to stimuli
rashes- petechiae
blood sugar changes
79
Q

How many immunizations can a child receive in one visit?

A

5

80
Q

How many immunizations can a child by age 2?

A

24

81
Q

Assessing Immunization Status

A
  1. Name of Disease vaccination is for
  2. Number of injections given
  3. Dates of injections
  4. Dosage of injections
  5. Age at time of dose
  6. Occurrence of any reaction to immunization
82
Q

What should be given if infant is at risk for HBV perinataly

A

Heb B immunoglobulin

83
Q

What make up the DTaP

A

Diphtheria
Tetanus
Pertussis (acellular)

84
Q

When is DTaP given

A 
2mo
4mo
6mo
15-18 mo (as early as 12mo if if 6mo have elapsed)
4-6yr
11-12yr
85
Q

Dipththeria

A

Spread by respiratory secretions

Contagious up to 4wks

86
Q

Pertussis

A

“Whooping Cough”

Many parents may opt out of pertussis vaccine bc hx of seizure complications

87
Q

Pertussis Catarrhal stage

A

s/s similar to URI may last up to 2 weeks

88
Q

Pertussis Paroxysmal stage

A

short rapid coughs followed by sudden insiration when characteristic whoop sound occurs

89
Q

Rotavirus

A

First dose before 12wks
Second dose before 32 wks
(2mo & 4mo)

90
Q

Leading cause of infant and child mortality world wide

A

Rotavirus

91
Q

Vaccine that has decreased incidence of epiglottitis

A

Hib

92
Q

Haemophilus influenza type B (HIB) given at

A

2mo

4mo

93
Q

Polio (IPV) given at

A

2mo, 4, mo, 6mo, 6-18mo, 4-6yrs

94
Q

Polio transmitted by

A

feces, oral secretions

95
Q

Virus causes nonspecific symptoms or may cause paralysis

A

Polio

96
Q

When is MMR given

A

At or after 12 months
second dose 4-6 yrs
at least 4wks bt doses

97
Q

Measles

A

Rubeola

Transmitted direct contact with respiratory droplets

98
Q

S/S Rubeola

A 
Prodromal = fever, cough coryza conjunctivitis, Koplik spots.
Rash= maculopapular face & spreads down, blanches with pressure
99
Q

Mumps

A

Tender/painful enlargement of parotid glands

can cause sensorineural deafness

100
Q

Rubella

A

German Measles
Rapid spread
Greatest danger is teratogenic effect on developing fetus in first trimester

101
Q

Varicella given

A

on or after 12mo

102
Q

Chicken pox

A

Incubation period 10-21 days

103
Q

Shingles

A

During primary infection virus enters dorsal root ganglion > latent infection

104
Q

Most common complication of chicken pox is

A

Impetigo

105
Q

Pneumococcal given

A

Given up to 24 mo

2mo, 4mo, 6mo, 12-15mo

106
Q

Hep A given

A

2 dose series given at least 6mo apart
12-15mo
12-23mo

107
Q

HPV

A

first dose females 11-12

series of 3 doses

108
Q

Meningococcal

A

all children age of 11-12

ALL college freshman living in dorms

109
Q

RespiGam (RSV-IGIV)

A

RSV immunoglobulin given to high-risk infants in first year of life to prevent RSV.
Given monthly
NOT A VACCINE, DOES NOT PREVENT RSV

110
Q

Roseola

A

Herpesvirus type 6

111
Q

Scarlet Fever

A

Group A beta-hemolytic strep
Strawberry tongue
Rash feels like sandpaper

112
Q

Mortality

A

death rate per 100,000 population

113
Q

Morbidity

A

Number of ill people per 1000

114
Q

Leading cause of infant MORTALITY

A

Congenital anomalies

115
Q

Number one cause of childhood deaths

A

Unintentional injuries

Pediatrics (5 decks)

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